Late November 1984 nor'easter

The Late November 1984 Nor'easter occurred on the United States' Thanksgiving Day, November 22, 1984. A deep extratropical cyclone located just off the shore of Florida led to significant beach erosion and the grounding of the freighter Mercedes I for several months along the coastal town of Palm Beach.[1] It formed unusually early, and its effects were seen unusually far south into Florida.

Late November 1984 Nor'easter
Tropical Depression 19
Image of the storm while at its most intense at 1 pm EST November 23, 1984. Its well-defined cold front is seen entering eastern Cuba at that time.
Meteorological history
FormedNovember 22, 1984
ExtratropicalNovember 29, 1984
DissipatedDecember 1, 1984
Tropical depression
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds35 mph (55 km/h)
Lowest pressure1005 mbar (hPa); 29.68 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities1
Damage$7.4 million (1984 USD)
Areas affectedThe Bahamas, Florida, Bermuda
Part of the 1984 Atlantic hurricane season

Meteorological history
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

When a cyclone aloft cut off from the main band of the Westerlies, it spurred cyclogenesis in the Florida Straits by November 22, which led to a nor'easter at an unusually southern latitude near the Bahamas. The surface cyclone slowly traveled through the Florida Straits up the Gulf Stream between Florida and the Bahamas before drifting back out to sea. The storm attempted to gain some central convection during several periods of its life cycle. It was at its most intense on November 23 and November 24, with a central pressure near 1005 hPa.[2] The cyclone moved far enough to the east to allow winds and seas to subside on November 26. There is some evidence that it may have become a subtropical cyclone around November 28, while located in the vicinity of Bermuda.[3] This is why the system is considered the 19th tropical depression of the 1984 Atlantic hurricane season.[4]

Effects
Surface analysis showing the cyclone on the morning of November 23, 1984

Significant rainfall was recorded along the Palm Beach County coast between November 21 and November 26 during this event,[5] with local amounts of up to 11.29 inches (287 mm) measured at West Palm Beach, Florida.[6] Surface temperatures hovered in the middle 50s°F, or around 13 °C, within the main region of impact. However, wind and high seas were the storm's main impact due to the strong pressure gradient between the cyclone's center and a 1040 hPa surface high over the Ohio Valley. Winds as high as 58 miles per hour (93 km/h) with swells of up to 20 feet (6.1 m) were reported by ships in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Along the Atlantic coast, winds reached 58 miles per hour (93 km/h) at Vero Beach, 55 miles per hour (89 km/h) at Melbourne, 46 miles per hour (74 km/h) at Titusville, and 44 miles per hour (71 km/h) at Cocoa Beach. Offshore the Atlantic coast, seas also reached 20 feet (6.1 m). Coastal erosion took its toll between St. Augustine and Palm Beach during the three-day storm, which eventually subsided on November 26. About five-sixths of a new pier at St. Augustine was destroyed. Erosion from this cyclone would be the worst experienced in southern Brevard County until Hurricane Frances in 2004.[7]

The storm dragged the 197-foot Venezuelan freighter Mercedes I ashore the coast of Palm Beach and through a seawall, where it remained in a socialite's backyard into early 1985.[8] Once hauled out to sea, the vessel was sunk and became an artificial coral reef off Fort Lauderdale on March 30, 1985.[9] A second freighter ran aground offshore Jacksonville. Damage from Vero Beach alone totalled US$3.4 million (1984 dollars). Martin County reported an addition US$4 million in losses (1984 dollars).[10] One person perished.[11]

Other significant Florida extratropical cyclones
Rainfall from the Late November 1984 Florida Nor'easter across Florida and Georgia

The top three deadliest tornado outbreaks in the state's history occurred with extratropical cyclones in February 1998, March 1962, and April 1966.[12] In 1989, a December cyclone spun up offshore northeast Florida, bringing measureable snow to Jacksonville and flurries across Sarasota in west-central Florida,[13] and some Lake Okeechobee-effect snows downwind of the lake. In 1993, the Storm of the Century brought an intense squall line, and winds gusting over 100 miles per hour (160 km/h), to much of the Sunshine State during the early morning hours of March 13. Later that day, flurries were witnessed across the Florida Panhandle in its wake. A frontal wave which became a powerful Christmas 1994 Nor'easter moved across Florida, bringing windy and rainy conditions to the state.

See also

References
  1. Vanderbilt University Television News Archive. Headline: Florida / Grounded Freighter. Retrieved on November 18, 2006.
  2. U.S. Department of Commerce. Daily Weather Maps: November 19- November 25, 1984. Retrieved on November 18, 2006.
  3. Danielle Manning and Robert Hart. Using ERA40 in Cyclone Phase Space to Refine the Classification of Historical Tropical Storms. Retrieved on November 18, 2006.
  4. Hurricane Research Division (November 2012). "HURDAT2 Atlantic Hurricane Database". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  5. Wossenu Abtew, R. Scott Huebner, and Violeta Ciuca. South Florida Water Management District. Chapter 5: Hydrology of the South Florida Environment. Archived September 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on November 18, 2006.
  6. David M. Roth (November 24, 2012). "November 1984 Nor'easter Storm Total Rainfall Graphic". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  7. Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Brevard County: Hurricane Frances and Jeanne Damage Assessment Location Map. Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on November 19, 2006.
  8. Marc Fisher and Mary Jo Tierney, Miami Herald. STORM CUTS SWATH OF DESTRUCTION ALONG FLORIDA COAST. Retrieved on November 18, 2006.
  9. Greg Johnston. Exploring Wrecks in Fort Lauderdale and the Keys. Retrieved on November 18, 2006.
  10. The New York Times. United Press International. AROUND THE NATION; Florida's Storm Ends, Leaving Damage Behind. Retrieved on November 18, 2006.
  11. National Weather Service Forecast Office, Melbourne, Florida. Martin County. Archived November 19, 2004, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on November 19, 2006.
  12. Bartlett C. Hagemeyer and Scott M. Spratt. THIRTY YEARS AFTER HURRICANE AGNES - THE FORGOTTEN FLORIDA TORNADO DISASTER. Archived December 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on November 25, 2006.
  13. National Weather Service Forecast Office, Melbourne, Florida. Cold Temperatures and Snow Flurries in East-Central Florida January 24, 2003. Archived September 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on November 19, 2006.

Printed Media
  • Weather Log, November 1984. Mariners Weather Log. Spring 1985: pp. 91–92.

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