Leagues of China

A league (Mongolian: ayimaγ [æːmɑ̆ɡ̊] Aimag; historically, čiγulγan [t͡ʃʰʊːlɡ̊ɑ̆n] Qûûlgan; Chinese: ; pinyin: méng) is an administrative unit of the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia in the People's Republic of China.

League
ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ or
ayimaγ or méng
CategorySecond level administrative division of a unitary state
LocationChina
Number3 Leagues

Leagues are the prefectures of Inner Mongolia. The name comes from a Mongolian administrative unit used during the Qing dynasty in Mongolia. Mongolian Banners (county level regions) were organized into conventional assemblies at the league level. During the ROC era, the leagues had a status equivalent to provinces. Leagues contain banners, equivalent to counties.

After the establishment of the provincial level Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 1947, leagues of Inner Mongolia became equal to prefectures in other provinces and autonomous regions. The administrative commission (Chinese: 行政公署; pinyin: xíngzhènggōngshǔ) of the league is the administrative branch office dispatched by the People's Government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The leader of the league's government, titled as league leader (simplified Chinese: 盟长; traditional Chinese: 盟長; pinyin: méngzhǎng), is appointed by People's Government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. So are deputy leaders of leagues. Instead of local level of People's Congress, league's working commissions of the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region are detached and supervise the league's governments, but can not elect or dismiss league's government officials.[1] In such a way, the league's working committee of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region's committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference is instead of league's committee of CPPCC.

Leagues have existed since the Qing dynasty as a level of government. The head of a league was chosen from jasagh or sula of the banners belonging to it. The original six leagues were Jirem, Ju Ud, Jost, Xilingol, Ulanqab, and Ih Ju. More were added in the subsequent centuries.

Today, leagues belong to the prefecture level of the Chinese administrative hierarchy. Of the 9 leagues that existed in the late 1970s, 6 have now been reorganized into prefecture-level cities. There are only 3 leagues remaining in Inner Mongolia: Xilingol, Alxa, and Hinggan.

Leagues (1949–present)

Current

NameMongolianTranscription and IPA
(Chakhar Mongolian)
Simplified
Chinese
PinyinCapitalNotes
HingganᠬᠢᠩᠭᠠᠨHinggan [xɪŋɡ̊ɑ̆n]兴安Xīng'ānUlanhotEstablished: 26 July 1980
Xilingolᠰᠢᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠤᠯXiliin Gôl锡林郭勒XīlínguōlèXilinhotPresent day: Xilingol and Hinggan (1954)
AlxaᠠᠯᠠᠱᠠᠨAlxaa阿拉善ĀlāshànBayanhot Town, Alxa Left BannerUntil 1954 it was known as Alxa Öölüd Banners and Ejin Torghuud Banner

Defunct

NameMongolianTranscription and IPA
(Chakhar Mongolian)
Simplified
Chinese
PinyinCapitalNotes
Bayannurᠪᠠᠶ᠋ᠠᠨᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷBayan Nûûr巴彦淖尔Bāyànnào'ěrLinhe
(Linhe District)
Dissolution: 1 December 2003
Present day: Bayannur (prefecture-level city)
JiremᠵᠢᠷᠢᠮJirem哲里木ZhélǐmùBayisingtu
(Horqin District)
Dissolution: 13 January 1999
Present day: Tongliao (prefecture-level city)
Ju Udᠵᠤᠤ ᠤᠳᠠJûû Ûd昭乌达ZhāowūdáUlanhad
(Hongshan District)
Dissolution: 10 October 1983
Present day: Chifeng (prefecture-level city)
Jostᠵᠣᠰᠤᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨJôstiin卓索图ZhuósuǒtúChaoyang
(Shuangta District)
Dissolution: 10 October 1911
Present day: Fuxin, Chaoyang, and part of Chifeng (prefecture-level city)
ChaharᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷQahar察哈尔Cháhā'ěrBaochangDissolution: 1 October 1958
merged into Xilingol and Ulanqab
UlanqabᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠴᠠᠪUlaanqab乌兰察布WūlánchábùJining
(Jining District)
Dissolution: 1 December 2003
Present day: Ulanqab (prefecture-level city), Baotou (1954), & Bayannur (1954)
Ih Juᠶᠡᠺᠡ ᠵᠣᠤIh Jûû伊克昭YīkèzhāoDongsheng
(Dongsheng District)
Dissolution: 26 February 2001
Present day: Ordos (prefecture-level city)
Heilongjiang (present day northern part of Inner Mongolia)
Hulunbuir–Nunmoronᠬᠥᠯᠦᠨᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ ᠨᠤᠨ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨHolon Bûir–Nûûn Moron呼伦贝尔纳文慕仁 / 呼纳Hūlúnbèi'ěr–Nàwénmùrén /
Hūnà
Hailar
(Hailar District)
Dissolution: 1 April 1953 merge into Inner Mongolia Eastern Administrative Zone
HulunbuirᠬᠥᠯᠦᠨᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷHolon Bûir呼伦贝尔Hūlúnbèi'ěrHailar
(Hailar District)
Dissolution: 11 April 1949
Merged into Hulunbuir-Nunmoron
Re-established: 21 May 1954
Dissolution: 10 October 2001 (present day greater Hulunbuir)
Nun Moronᠨᠤᠨ ᠮᠥᠷᠡᠨNûûn Moron纳文慕仁NàwénmùrénZhalantunDissolution: 11 April 1949
merge into Hulunbuir–Nunmoron

Original leagues of the Qing

The 6 leagues under Inner Mongolia

NameMongolianTranscription and IPA
(Chakhar Mongolian)
Simplified
Chinese
PinyinTribes & BannersNotes
JiremᠵᠢᠷᠢᠮJirem哲里木Zhélǐmù4 tribes
10 banners
Jostᠵᠣᠰᠤᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨJôstiin卓索图Zhuósuǒtú2 tribes
5 banners
Ju Ud
Ju'ud
ᠵᠤᠤ ᠤᠳᠠJûû Ûd昭乌达Zhāowūdá8 tribes
11 banners
Xilingolᠰᠢᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠤᠯXiliin Gôl锡林郭勒Xīlínguōlè5 tribes
10 banners
UlanqabᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠴᠠᠪUlaanqab乌兰察布Wūlánchábù4 tribes
6 banners
Ih Ju
Ihju
ᠶᠡᠺᠡ ᠵᠣᠤIh Jûû伊克昭Yīkèzhāo1 tribe
7 banners

Other league

NameMongolianTranscription and IPA
(Chakhar Mongolian)
Simplified
Chinese
PinyinTribes & BannersNotes
ChaharᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷQahar察哈尔Cháhā'ěr8 banners

Changes

Year(s)Leagues
1636–1928 (Qûûlgan) Jirem, Ju Ud, Jost, Xilingol, Ulanqab, and Ih Ju
1928–1938 (Qûûlgan and Province) Jirem, Ju Ud, Jost, Xilingol, Chahar Province (Qahar), Ulanqab, and Ih Ju
1938–1945 (ROC) Jirem, Ih Ju
1938–1945 (Mengjiang) Ju Ud, Xilingol, Chahar (Qahar), Ulanqab, Bayantala (Bayantal)
1945–1948 (Aimag) Nun Moron, Jirem, Ju Ud, Jost, Xilingol, Qahar, Ulanqab, and Ih Ju
1948–1949 (Aimag) Hulunbuir, Nun Moron, Jirem, Ju Ud, Jost, Xilingol, Qahar, Ulanqab, and Ih Ju
1949 (Aimag) Hulunbuir, Nun Moron, Jirem, Ju Ud, Jost, Xilingol, Qahar, Ulanqab, and Ih Ju
1949–1953 (Aimag) Hulunbuir–Nun Moron, Hinggan, Jirem, Ju Ud, Xilingol, Qahar
1953 (Aimag) Ju Ud, Xilingol, Qahar
1953–1956 (Aimag) Hulunbuir, Jirem, Ju Ud, Xilingol, Qahar, Ulanqab, Ih Ju
1956–1958 (Aimag) Hulunbuir, Jirem, Ju Ud, Xilingol, Qahar, Ulanqab, Ih Ju, Bayannur
1958–1969 (Aimag) Hulunbuir, Jirem, Ju Ud, Xilingol, Ulanqab, Ih Ju, Bayannur
1969–1979 (Inner Mongolia) Xilingol, Ulanqab, Ih Ju, Bayannur
1969–1979 (Heilongjiang) Hulunbuir
1969–1979 (Jilin) Jirem
1979–1980 (Aimag) Hulunbuir, Jirem, Ju Ud, Xilingol, Ulanqab, Ih Ju, Bayannur, Alxa
1980–1983 (Aimag) Hulunbuir, Hinggan, Jirem, Ju Ud, Xilingol, Ulanqab, Ih Ju, Bayannur, Alxa
1983–1999 (Aimag) Hulunbuir, Hinggan, Jirem, Xilingol, Ulanqab, Ih Ju, Bayannur, Alxa
1999–2001 (Aimag) Hulunbuir, Hinggan, Xilingol, Ulanqab, Ih Ju, Bayannur, Alxa
2001–2003 (Aimag) Hinggan, Xilingol, Ulanqab, Bayannur, Alxa
2003–present (Aimag) Hinggan, Xilingol, Alxa

References

  1. "The standing committee of the people’s congress of a province and autonomous region may set up administrative offices in the prefectures under its jurisdiction. " from Item 2, Article 53, Organic Law of the Local People’s Congresses and Local People’s Governments of the People’s Republic of China (2004 Revision)

See also

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