Least dangerous assumption

The least dangerous assumption is an inclusive approach to educational policy and pedagogy. It holds that, "in the absence of conclusive data, educational decisions should be based on assumptions which, if incorrect, will have the least dangerous effect on the student". This concept was coined in 1984 by Anne Donnellan, a researcher in special education.[1][2] The principle is most closely associated with the areas of intellectual disability and communication disorder, although it can be applied more generally in the domain of learning and teaching,[3][4] and beyond. In most contexts in which it is used, the principle holds that one should, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, presume competence, rather than non-competence, in others.

The "presumption of competence"[5] can be regarded as the "least dangerous" assumption to make about a person because, the principle holds, it is less damaging to presume competence in another, and to be wrong, than it is to presume non-competence (incompetence) in another, and to be wrong.[6] Take the example of a teacher who is uncertain about the extent to which a given student (with a severe communication impairment) understands what is said to them. The principle holds that it is less dangerous to assume that the student understands everything that is said, and to be wrong about that, than to assume that the student understands nothing that is said, and to be wrong in that direction.[7] Under the latter assumption, the risk is that the teacher speaks too little to the student (or, in an extreme form of the argument, the teacher may not speak to the student at all). This is potentially 'dangerous' because it deprives the child of the known benefits of a language-rich environment.[8] Under the former assumption the risk is that the teacher will speak too much to the student, which, advocates of this approach maintain, is less dangerous.[9]

The principle comes into play in educational policy and teaching practice under conditions of uncertainty ("in the absence of conclusive data"). Debate on the usefulness of the principle revolves around the question of what constitutes "conclusive data" when it comes to making complex educational decisions.[10]

See also

References
  1. Donnellan, A. M. (1984). The Criterion of the Least Dangerous Assumption. Behavioral Disorders, 9(2), 141–150. p.142.
  2. Jorgensen, C. (2005). The least dangerous assumption. Disability Solutions, 6(3), 1–9. http://www.uwosh.edu/coehs/cmagproject/readings/documents/Least_Dangerous_Assumption.pdf
  3. Emerson, A. (2016). Applying the ‘least dangerous assumption’ in regard to behaviour policies and children with special needs. Pastoral Care in Education, 34(2), 104–109.
  4. Grayson, A. (2019). In assessment we need consistent values, not form filling. https://wonkhe.com/blogs/in-assessment-we-need-consistent-values-not-form-filling/
  5. Dotger, S. (2011). Exploring new territories: My trajectory toward becoming an inclusive science teacher educator. Reflective Practice, 12(3), 415–426. p.422.
  6. Ballard, K. (1993). The least dangerous assumption: A response to Jordan & Powell. Disability, Handicap & Society, 8(1), 87–89.
  7. Emerson, A., & Dearden, J. (2013). The effect of using ‘full’ language when working with a child with autism: Adopting the ‘least dangerous assumption’. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 29(2), 233–244.
  8. Entwisle, L. K., Brouwer, K., Hanson, E., & Messersmith, J. (2016). A Systematic Review of Emergent Literacy Interventions for Preschool-Age Children with Cochlear Implants. Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders; Rockville, 43, 64–76.
  9. Doyle, M. B., & Giangreco, M. (2013). Guiding Principles for Including High School Students with Intellectual Disabilities in General Education Classes. American Secondary Education, 42(1), 57–72.
  10. Travers, J., & Ayres, K. M. (2015). A Critique of Presuming Competence of Learners with Autism or Other Developmental Disabilities. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 50(4), 371–387.
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