Lenah Higbee
Lenah H. Sutcliffe Higbee (May 18, 1874 – January 10, 1941) was a pioneering Canadian-born United States Navy military nurse, who served as Superintendent of the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps during World War I. She was the first woman to be awarded the Navy Cross.[1]
Lenah Sutcliffe Higbee | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | May 18, 1874 Chatham, New Brunswick, Canada |
| Died | January 10, 1941 (aged 66) Winter Park, Florida, U.S. |
| Place of burial | Arlington National Cemetery (Section 3, Site 1797-WS) |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Service/ |  United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1908–1922 |
| Rank | Chief Nurse |
| Commands held | Superintendent of the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps (1911–22) |
| Battles/wars | World War I |
| Awards |  Navy Cross |
| Spouse(s) | LtCol John Henley Higbee, USMC |
Early life and education
Higbee was born Lenah H. Sutcliffe in Chatham, New Brunswick, Canada, on 18 May 1874.[2] She completed nurses' training at the New York Post-Graduate Hospital in 1899 and entered private practice soon thereafter. Lenah Higbee took postgraduate training at Fordham Hospital, New York in 1908.
In 1899, she married retired Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel John H. Higbee. His first wife Isabel Higbee had died in 1898. John Higbee had served as a Marine Corps officer from 1861 to 1898. He died in April 1908 and was interred at Arlington National Cemetery.[4]
Career
In October 1908, she joined the newly established U.S. Navy Nurse Corps as one of its first twenty members. These nurses, who came to be called "The Sacred Twenty", were the first women to formally serve as members of the Navy.[5] The Navy required its first Nurse Corps candidates to be between 22 and 44 years old and also unmarried. As a 34-year-old widow, Higbee met these requirements.
She was promoted to Chief Nurse in 1909. Lenah Higbee became Chief Nurse at Norfolk Naval Hospital in April 1909.[6]
In January 1911, Higbee became the second Superintendent of the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps.[7] For her achievements in leading the Corps through the First World War, Chief Nurse Higbee was the first woman awarded the Navy Cross. Navy nurses Marie Louise Hidell, Lillian M. Murphy and Edna E. Place were also awarded the Navy Cross in 1920 for their World War I service, but these women all received the award posthumously after having succumbed to the Spanish flu, which they contracted while caring for hospital patients.[8][9]
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Navy Cross citation
Date of Action: 1918 The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Superintendent Lenah Sutcliff Higbee, United States Navy, for distinguished service in the line of her profession and unusual and conspicuous devotion to duty as Superintendent of the Navy Nurse Corps.[10]
Later life and death
She resigned from the position of Superintendent and retired from the Navy on 23 November 1922.[11]
Higbee died at Winter Park, Florida, on 10 January 1941 and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia.[12][2]
Legacy
The US Navy has named two ships in her honor;
- USS Higbee (DD-806), a Gearing-class destroyer commissioned in 1945, as the first U.S. Navy warship to bear the name of one of its female members.[13]
- USS Lenah H. Sutcliffe Higbee (DDG-123), an Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyer, commissioned 13 May 2023.
References
- "Mabus Names DDG After First Woman Awarded Navy Cross". United States Naval Institute. 14 June 2016.
- Wilson, Scott (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons. McFarland. p. 339. ISBN 978-1476625997.
- "Higbee, John H". ANCExplorer. U.S. Army. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
- Greenwood, John T.; Berry, F. Clifton (2005). Medics at War: Military Medicine from Colonial Times to the 21st Century. Naval Institute Press. p. 61. ISBN 1-59114-344-6.
- "Mabus Names DDG After First Woman Awarded Navy Cross". 14 June 2016.
- Skaine, Rosemarie (2011). Women in Combat: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. p. 121. ISBN 978-1598844597. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
- "Influenza of 1918 (Spanish Flu) and the US Navy". Naval History and Heritage Command. U.S. Navy. 6 April 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
- Stringer, Harry Roy (1921). The Navy Book of Distinguished Service: An Official Compendium of the Names and Citations of the Men of the United States Navy, Marine Corps, Army and Foreign Governments who Were Decorated by the Navy Department for Extraordinary Gallantry and Conspicuous Service Above and Beyond the Call of Duty in the World War. Fassett Publishing Company. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- "Highbee Navy Cross citation". militarytimes.com. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
- "Higbee, Lenah Sutcliffe-Text".
- "Burial Detail: Higbee, Lenah S. (Section 3, Grave 1797-WS)". ANC Explorer. Arlington National Cemetery. (Official website).
- Thorpe, JR (11 November 2014). "10 Heroic Women Who Helped Win WWI, Because The Great War Wasn't Only Fought By Men".
Further reading
- Sterner, Doris M. (1997). In and Out of Harm's Way: A history of the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps. Seattle, WA: Peanut Butter Publishing. ISBN 0-89716-706-6.
- Godson, Susan H. (2001). Serving Proudly: A History of Women in the U.S. Navy. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-317-6.
External links
- Photos of Lenah Higbee
- Nurses and the U.S. Navy –Overview and Special Image Selection Naval Historical Center
- Lenah Sutcliffe Higbee Naval History and Heritage Command
- "Lehah H. Sutcliffe Higbee". at ArlingtonCemetery.net. 28 June 2023. (Unofficial website).