Intrinsic metric

Let ${\displaystyle (M,d)}$ be a metric space, i.e., ${\displaystyle M}$ is a collection of points (such as all of the points in the plane, or all points on the circle) and ${\displaystyle d(x,y)}$ is a function that provides us with the distance between points ${\displaystyle x,y\in M}$. We define a new metric ${\displaystyle d_{\text{I}}}$ on ${\displaystyle M}$, known as the induced intrinsic metric, as follows: ${\displaystyle d_{\text{I}}(x,y)}$ is the infimum of the lengths of all paths from ${\displaystyle x}$ to ${\displaystyle y}$.

Here, a path from ${\displaystyle x}$ to ${\displaystyle y}$ is a continuous map

${\displaystyle \gamma \colon [0,1]\rightarrow M}$

with ${\displaystyle \gamma (0)=x}$ and ${\displaystyle \gamma (1)=y}$. The length of such a path is defined as explained for rectifiable curves. We set ${\displaystyle d_{\text{I}}(x,y)=\infty }$ if there is no path of finite length from ${\displaystyle x}$ to ${\displaystyle y}$ (this is consistent with the infimum definition since the infimum of the empty set within the closed interval [0,+∞] is +∞).

The mapping ${\textstyle d\mapsto d_{\text{I}}}$ is idempotent, i.e.

${\displaystyle (d_{\text{I}})_{\text{I}}=d_{\text{I}}.}$

If

${\displaystyle d_{\text{I}}(x,y)=d(x,y)}$

for all points ${\displaystyle x}$ and ${\displaystyle y}$ in ${\displaystyle M}$, we say that ${\displaystyle (M,d)}$ is a length space or a path metric space and the metric ${\displaystyle d}$ is intrinsic.

We say that the metric ${\displaystyle d}$ has approximate midpoints if for any ${\displaystyle \varepsilon >0}$ and any pair of points ${\displaystyle x}$ and ${\displaystyle y}$ in ${\displaystyle M}$ there exists ${\displaystyle c}$ in ${\displaystyle M}$ such that ${\displaystyle d(x,c)}$ and ${\displaystyle d(c,y)}$ are both smaller than

${\displaystyle {d(x,y) \over 2}+\varepsilon .}$

• Euclidean space ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ with the ordinary Euclidean metric is a path metric space. ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}\smallsetminus \{0\}}$ is as well.
• The unit circle ${\displaystyle S^{1}}$ with the metric inherited from the Euclidean metric of ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2}}$ (the chordal metric) is not a path metric space. The induced intrinsic metric on ${\displaystyle S^{1}}$ measures distances as angles in radians, and the resulting length metric space is called the Riemannian circle. In two dimensions, the chordal metric on the sphere is not intrinsic, and the induced intrinsic metric is given by the great-circle distance.
• Every connected Riemannian manifold can be turned into a path metric space by defining the distance of two points as the infimum of the lengths of continuously differentiable curves connecting the two points. (The Riemannian structure allows one to define the length of such curves.) Analogously, other manifolds in which a length is defined included Finsler manifolds and sub-Riemannian manifolds.
• Any complete and convex metric space is a length metric space (Khamsi & Kirk 2001, Theorem 2.16), a result of Karl Menger. However, the converse does not hold, i.e. there exist length metric spaces that are not convex.

• In general, we have ${\displaystyle d\leq d_{\text{I}}}$ and the topology defined by ${\displaystyle d_{\text{I}}}$ is therefore always finer than or equal to the one defined by ${\displaystyle d}$.
• The space ${\displaystyle (M,d_{\text{I}})}$ is always a path metric space (with the caveat, as mentioned above, that ${\displaystyle d_{\text{I}}}$ can be infinite).
• The metric of a length space has approximate midpoints. Conversely, every complete metric space with approximate midpoints is a length space.
• The Hopf–Rinow theorem states that if a length space ${\displaystyle (M,d)}$ is complete and locally compact then any two points in ${\displaystyle M}$ can be connected by a minimizing geodesic and all bounded closed sets in ${\displaystyle M}$ are compact.

• Herbert Busemann, Selected Works, (Athanase Papadopoulos, ed.) Volume I, 908 p., Springer International Publishing, 2018.

• Herbert Busemann, Selected Works, (Athanase Papadopoulos, ed.) Volume II, 842 p., Springer International Publishing, 2018.

• Gromov, Mikhail (1999), Metric Structures for Riemannian and Non-Riemannian Spaces, Progress in Math., vol. 152, Birkhäuser, ISBN 0-8176-3898-9
• Khamsi, Mohamed A.; Kirk, William A. (2001), An Introduction to Metric Spaces and Fixed Point Theory, Wiley-IEEE, ISBN 0-471-41825-0