Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile

Eleanor of England (Spanish: Leonor; c. 1161[1] – 31 October 1214[2][3]), was Queen of Castile and Toledo[4] as wife of Alfonso VIII of Castile.[5][6] She was the sixth child and second daughter of Henry II, King of England, and Eleanor of Aquitaine.[7][8] She served as Regent of Castile during the minority of her son Henry I between the death of her spouse until her own death in 1214.[9]

For other people with similar names, see Eleanor of England (disambiguation) and Eleanor of Castile (disambiguation).

Eleanor of England
Queen consort of Castile and Toledo
TenureSeptember 1170 – 5 October 1214
Bornc. 1161
Domfront Castle, Normandy
Died31 October 1214 (aged 53)
Burgos, Castile
Burial
Abbey of Santa Maria la Real de Huelgas, Burgos
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1170; died 1214)​
Issue
more...		Berengaria I, Queen of Castile
Urraca, Queen of Portugal
Blanche, Queen of France
Eleanor, Queen of Aragon
Henry I, King of Castile
HousePlantagenet / Angevin[lower-alpha 1]
FatherHenry II, King of England
MotherEleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine

Early life and family

Eleanor was born in the castle at Domfront, Normandy c. 1161,[1] as the second daughter of King Henry II of England and his wife Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine, and was baptised by Henry of Marcy. Her half-siblings were Countess Marie of Champagne and Countess Alix of Blois. Her full siblings were Henry the Young King, Duchess Matilda of Saxony, King Richard I, Duke Geoffrey II of Brittany, Queen Joan of Sicily and King John. Eleanor had an older brother, William (17 August 1153 – April 1156), the first son of Henry II, and Eleanor of Aquitaine, who died of a seizure at Wallingford Castle, and was buried in Reading Abbey at the feet of his great-grandfather Henry I.

Queenship
The betrothal of Alfonso VIII of Castille and Eleanor of England.

In 1170 Eleanor married King Alfonso VIII of Castile in Burgos at the age of 9.[1] Her parents' purpose in arranging the marriage was to secure Aquitaine's Pyrenean border, while Alfonso sought an ally in his struggles with Sancho VI of Navarre. In 1177, this led to Henry overseeing arbitration of the border dispute.[10]

Around 1200, Alfonso began to claim that the duchy of Gascony was part of Eleanor's dowry, but there is no documented foundation for that claim. It is highly unlikely that Henry II would have parted with so significant a portion of his domains. At most, Gascony may have been pledged as security for the full payment of his daughter's dowry. Her husband went so far on this claim as to invade Gascony in her name in 1205. In 1206, her brother John granted her safe passage to visit him, perhaps to try opening peace negotiations. In 1208, Alfonso yielded on the claim.[11] Decades later, their great-grandson Alfonso X of Castile would claim the duchy on the grounds that her dowry had never been fully paid.

Of all Eleanor of Aquitaine's daughters, her namesake was the only one who was enabled, by political circumstances, to wield the kind of influence her mother had exercised.[12] In her marriage treaty, and in the first marriage treaty for her daughter Berengaria, Eleanor was given direct control of many lands, towns, and castles throughout the kingdom.[13] She was almost as powerful as Alfonso, who specified in his will in 1204 that she was to rule alongside their son in the event of his death, including taking responsibility for paying his debts and executing his will.[14] It was she who persuaded him to marry their daughter Berengaria to Alfonso IX of León. Troubadours and sages were regularly present in Alfonso VIII's court due to Eleanor's patronage.[15]

Eleanor took a particular interest in supporting religious institutions. In 1179, she took responsibility to support and maintain a shrine to St. Thomas Becket in the cathedral of Toledo. She also created and supported the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas, which served as a refuge and tomb for her family for generations, and its affiliated hospital.[16]

Regent

When Alfonso died, Eleanor was reportedly so devastated with grief that she was unable to preside over the burial. Their eldest daughter Berengaria instead performed these honours. In accordance with the will of her late spouse, Eleanor became regent of Castile during the minority of her son, in which her daughter acted as her advisor.[17] Her reign was not to be long, however; she was reportedly not in good enough health and left most of the affairs of state to her daughter, which created fear and opposition among the nobles that she was planning to leave the regency to her daughter.[18]

Eleanor later became sick and died only twenty-six days after her husband, and was buried at Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas.[19]

Children
NameBirthDeathNotes
BerengariaBurgos,
1 January/
June 1180		Las Huelgas near Burgos,
8 November 1246		Married firstly in Seligenstadt on 23 April 1188 with Duke Conrad II of Swabia, but the union (only by contract and never solemnised) was later annulled. Married in Valladolid between 1/16 December 1197 with King Alfonso IX of León as his second wife.[20] After their marriage was dissolved on grounds of consanguinity in 1204, she returned to her homeland and became regent of her minor brother King Henry I. Although Queen of Castile in her own right, after the death of Henry I in 1217, Berengaria quickly abdicated in favour of her son Ferdinand III of Castile who would re-unite the kingdoms of Castile and León.
SanchoBurgos,
5 April 1181		26 July 1181Robert of Torigny records the birth "circa Pascha" in 1181 of "filium Sancius" to "Alienor filia regis Anglorum uxor Anfulsi regis de Castella".[21] "Aldefonsus...Rex Castellæ et Toleti...cum uxore mea Alienor Regina et cum filio meo Rege Sancio" donated property to the bishop of Segovia by charter dated 31 May 1181.[22] "Adefonsus...Rex Castellæ et Toleti...cum uxore mea Alienor Regina et cum filio meo Rege Sancio" donated property to the monastery of Rocamador by charter dated 13 July 1181.[23]
Sancha20/28 March 11823 February 1184/
16 October 1185		King Alfonso VIII "cum uxore mea Alionor regina et cum filiabus meis Berengaria et Sancia Infantissis" exchanged property with the Templars by charter dated 26 January 1183.[24]
Henrybefore July 1182before January 1184The dating clause of a charter dated July 1182 records "regnante el Rey D. Alfonso...con su mugier Doña Lionor, con su fijo D. Anric".[25] The dating of the document in which his sister Sancha is named suggests that they may have been twins.
Ferdinandbefore January 1184Died young, ca. 1184?The dating clause of a charter dated January 1184 ("V Kal Feb Era 1222") records "regnante rege Alfonso cum uxore sua regina Eleonor et filio suo Fernando".[26]
Urraca1186/
28 May 1187		Coimbra,
3 November 1220		Married in 1206 to Infante dom Afonso of Portugal, who succeeded his father as King Afonso II on 26 March 1212.
BlanchePalencia,
4 March 1188		Paris,
27 November 1252		Married on 23 May 1200 to Prince Louis of France, who succeeded his father as King Louis VIII on 14 July 1223. Crowned Queen at Saint-Denis with her husband on 6 August 1223. Regent of the Kingdom of France during 1226–1234 (minority of her son) and during 1248–1252 (absence of her son on Crusade).
FerdinandCuenca,
29 September 1189		Madrid,
14 October 1211		Heir of the throne since his birth. On whose behalf Diego of Acebo and the future Saint Dominic travelled to Denmark in 1203 to secure a bride.[27] Ferdinand was returning through the San Vicente mountains from a campaign against the Muslims when he contracted a fever and died.[28]
MafaldaPlasencia,
1191		Salamanca,
1204		Szabolcs de Vajay says that she "died at the point of becoming the fiancée of the Infante Fernando of León" (without citing the primary source on which this information is based) and refers to her burial at Salamanca Cathedral.[29] Betrothed in 1204 to Infante Ferdinand of Leon, eldest son of Alfonso IX and stepson of her oldest sister.
Eleanor1200[30]Las Huelgas,
1244		Married on 6 February 1221 with King James I of Aragon. They became separated on April 1229 on grounds of consanguinity.
Constancec. 1202[30]Las Huelgas,
1243		A nun at the Cistercian monastery of Santa María la Real at Las Huelgas in 1217, she became known as the Lady of Las Huelgas, a title shared with later royal family members who joined the community.[30]
HenryValladolid,
14 April 1204		Palencia,
6 June 1217		Only surviving son, he succeeded his father in 1214 aged ten under the regency firstly of his mother and later his oldest sister. He was killed when he was struck by a tile falling from a roof.[31]

Later depictions

Eleanor was praised for her beauty and regal nature by the poet Ramón Vidal de Besalú after her death.[32] Her great-grandson Alfonso X referred to her as "noble and much loved".[33]

Eleanor was played by actress Ida Norden in the silent film The Jewess of Toledo.

Notes
  1. Historians are divided in their use of the terms "Plantagenet" and "Angevin" for Henry II and his sons. Some classify Henry II as the first Plantagenet King of England; others place Henry, Richard and John in the Angevin dynasty, and consider Henry III to be the first Plantagenet ruler.

References
  1. Vann 1993, p. 128.
  2. David Williamson (1986). Debrett's Kings and Queens of Britain. Salem House. p. 53. ISBN 9780881622133.
  3. Annales Compostellani
  4. Fraser 2000.
  5. Crónica Latina, Anales Toledanos
  6. Cerda 2012.
  7. José Manuel Cerda, The marriage of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Leonor Plantagenet: the first bond between Spain and England in the Middle Ages
  8. Gillingham 2005.
  9. "Leonor Plantagenet | Real Academia de la Historia".
  10. Shadis 2010, p. 25-31.
  11. Shadis 2010, p. 31-32.
  12. Wheeler & Parsons 2002.
  13. Shadis 2010, p. 27-30.
  14. Shadis 2010, p. 38-39.
  15. Mila y Fontanels 1966, p. 112.
  16. Shadis 2010, p. 35-41.
  17. "Leonor Plantagenet | Real Academia de la Historia".
  18. "Leonor Plantagenet | Real Academia de la Historia".
  19. Arco y Garay, Ricardo (1954): Sepulcros de la Casa Real de Castilla. Madrid: Instituto Jerónimo Zurita. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, p. 248.
  20. New International Encyclopedia, Vol.13, (Dodd, Mead and Company, 1915), 782.
  21. Robert de Torigny, Vol. II, pp. 103–4.
  22. Colmenares, D. de (1846): Historia de Segovia (Segovia), Tomo I, p. 268.
  23. Berganza, F. de: Antiguedades de España (1721) Secunda parte, Appendice CLIII, p. 466.
  24. Castan Lanaspa, G. (1984): San Nicolás del Real Camino, un Hospital de Leprosos Castellano-Leones en la Edad Media (Siglos XII-XIV), Publicaciones de la Institución Tello Téllez de Meneses, no. 2, p. 136.
  25. Berganza, F. de: Antiguedades de España (1721) Secunda parte, Appendice CLVI, p. 468.
  26. Florez, H. (1770): Memorias de las reynas cathólicas, 2nd edn. Tomo I, p. 409, quoting Archivo de Arlanza letra S. n. 428, and Nuñez Alfonso VIII, p. 140.
  27. Vicaire, pp. 89–98.
  28. Osma 1997, p. 55-56, vol.20.
  29. Szabolcs de Vajay (1989): From Alfonso VII to Alfonso X, the first two centuries of the Burgundian dynasty in Castile and Leon – a prosopographical catalogue in social genealogy, 1100–1300, Studies in Genealogy and Family History in tribute to Charles Evans, edited Lindsay L Brook (Association for the Promotion of Scholarship in Genealogy Ltd, Occasional Publication no 2), pp. 379 and 406, note 72, quoting Arco y Garay (1954), p. 246.
  30. Shadis 2010, p. 4.
  31. Charles William Previté-Orton, The shorter Cambridge Medieval History, Cambridge University Press, 1952, p. 87.
  32. Mila y Fontanels 1966, p. 126.
  33. Shadis 2010, p. 48.

Sources
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  • Bowie, Colette (2014), The Daughters of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine (Brepols, ISBN 978-2-503-54971-2)
  • Cerda, José Manuel (2011), La dot gasconne d'Aliénor d'Angleterre. Entre royaume de Castille, royaume de France et royaume d'Angleterre, Cahiers de civilisation médiévale, ISSN 0007-9731, Vol. 54, Nº 215, 2011.
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