KU Leuven

KU Leuven (or Katholieke Universiteit Leuven)[lower-alpha 1][2] is a Catholic research university in the city of Leuven, Belgium. In addition to its main campus in Leuven, it has satellite campuses in Kortrijk, Antwerp, Ghent, Bruges, Ostend, Geel, Diepenbeek, Aalst, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, and in Belgium's capital Brussels.[3] KU Leuven is the largest university in Belgium and the Low Countries. In 2021–22, more than 65,000 students were enrolled, with 21% being international students.[4] Its primary language of instruction is Dutch, although several programs are taught in English, particularly graduate and postgraduate degrees.[5][6]

For the 1425–1797 university, see Old University of Leuven. For the 1817–1835 university, see State University of Leuven. For the 1834–1968 university, see Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968). For the present-day French-speaking university, see Université catholique de Louvain.
KU Leuven
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven[lower-alpha 1]
Latin: Universitas catholica Lovaniensis
Other name
Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven[lower-alpha 2]
MottoSedes Sapientiae (Latin)
Motto in English
Seat of Wisdom
TypeState funded Catholic university
Established1425 (predecessor institution)
1834 (Catholic University of Louvain)
1970 (split)
Academic affiliation
CESAER
CLUSTER
Coimbra Group
EASN Association
EUA
Europaeum
EQUIS
LERU
VIU
Una Europa
Universitas 21
Budget€1,1 billion in annual income[1]
ChairmanMarianne Thyssen
ChancellorJozef De Kesel
RectorLuc Sels
Administrative staff
11,534
Students65,189 (2021–22)
7,172 (2021–22)
Location
Leuven
,
Belgium

50.878°N 4.700°E / 50.878; 4.700
CampusMain (urban/university town) campus in Leuven and satellite campuses in Aalst, Antwerp, Bruges, Brussels, Diepenbeek, Geel, Ghent, Kortrijk, Ostend and Sint-Katelijne-Waver
ColorsBlue and white    
MascotFons Sapientiae
Websitekuleuven.be
Book celebrating the 25 anniversary of the founding of the Catholic University of Louvain, November 3, 1859.
Pope Gregory XVI, cofounder with the bishops of Belgium of the Catholic University of Malines in 1834, which would later split into KU Leuven and UCLouvain.

Although Catholic in theology and heritage, KU Leuven operates independently from the Church.[7] KU Leuven previously only accepted baptized Catholics, but is now open to students from different faiths or life-stances.[8][9]

While nowadays only the acronymic name KU Leuven is used, the university's legal name is Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, officially Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven,[lower-alpha 2] which translates in English as Catholic University of Leuven.[lower-alpha 1] However, the acronymic name is not translated in official communications, like its similarly named French-language sister university Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain).

History

Old University of Leuven

The Old University of Leuven (or Studium Generale Lovaniense) was founded in 1425 by Pope Martin V, Duke John IV of Brabant, the civil authorities of Brabant, as well as the municipal administration of the city of Leuven,[10] despite the initial opposition of the chapter of Sint-Pieter.[11] For centuries, the university flourished due to the presence of famous scholars and professors, such as Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens (Pope Adrian VI), Desiderius Erasmus, Johannes Molanus, Juan Luís Vives, Andreas Vesalius and Gerardus Mercator. The university was formally integrated into the French Republic when the Holy Roman Emperor, Francis I, ceded the South Netherlands to France by the Treaty of Campo Formio[12] signed on 17 October 1797. A law dating to 1793, which mandated that all universities in France be closed, came into effect.[13] The old University of Leuven was abolished by decree of the Département of the Dyle on October 25, 1797.[14]

A few years after French rule came to an end, when Belgium was part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, king William I of the Netherlands founded in 1817 a secular university in Leuven, the State university of Leuven, where many professors of the old University of Leuven have taught. This university was abolished in 1835.

Catholic university
Arenberg Castle, purchased by the Catholic University of Leuven in 1921.
For the history of the pre-1970 university, see Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968) § History.

The Catholic University of Leuven was founded in 1834 in Mechelen[15] by the bishops of Belgium, after an official Papal Brief of Pope Gregory XVI. This new Catholic university stayed only briefly in Mechelen, as the bishops already moved the university headquarters to Leuven on 1 December 1835, where it took the name Catholic University of Leuven. This occurred after the closure of the State university of Leuven in 1835, where many professors of the old University of Leuven have taught. KU Leuven is generally (but controversially) identified as a continuation of the older institution; controversy lays in the fact that the continuation is mainly of a sociocultural and ecclesiastical nature, but cannot be maintained from a purely juridical perspective[16] as the old University was suppressed under French rule.[lower-alpha 3] In its statutes, KU Leuven officially declares to be the continuation of the Studium Generale Lovaniense established in 1425,[17] and together with UCLouvain it sets out to celebrate its 600th anniversary in 2025.[18]

In 1920, the Catholic University of Leuven for the first time admitted female students,[19] lagging some 40 years behind the Belgian universities of Brussels, Liège and Ghent.[20]

Present-day university

In 1968, tensions between the Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities led to the splitting of the bilingual Catholic University of Leuven into two "sister" universities, with the Dutch-language university becoming a fully functioning independent institution in Leuven in 1970, and the Université catholique de Louvain departing to a newly built greenfield campus site in the French-speaking part of Belgium. KU Leuven's first rector after the split was Pieter De Somer.

In 1972, the KUL set up a separate entity, Leuven Research & Development (LRD), to support industrial and commercial applications of university research. It has led to numerous spin-offs, such as the technology company Metris, and manages tens of millions of euros in investments and venture capital.

The university's electronic learning environment, TOLEDO, which started in September 2001, was gradually developed into the central electronic learning environment at the KUL. The word is an acronym for TOetsen en LEren Doeltreffend Ondersteunen (English: "effectively supporting testing and learning"). It is the collective name for a number of commercial software programs and tools, such as Blackboard. The project offers the Question Mark Perception assignment software to all institution members and has implemented the Ariadne KPS to reuse digital learning objects inside the Blackboard environment.

On 11 July 2002, the KU Leuven became the dominant institution in the "KU Leuven Association" (see below).

KU Leuven is a member of the Coimbra Group (a network of leading European universities) as well as of the LERU Group (League of European Research Universities). Since November 2014, KU Leuven's Faculty of Economics and Business is accredited by European Quality Improvement System, which is a leading accreditation system specializing in higher education institutions of management and business administration.[21] As of academic year of 2012–2013, the university held Erasmus contracts with 434 European establishments. It also had 22 central bilateral agreements in 8 countries: the United States, China, South Africa, Japan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Vietnam, Poland, and the Netherlands. The vast majority of international EU students came from the Netherlands, while most non-EU ones come from China.

KU Leuven is financially independent from the Catholic Church. Although a representative from the Church sits in its Board of Governors, their function is observational and has no voting power. Its management and academic decisions are similarly autonomous.[7]

In December 2011, the university changed its official name to KU Leuven in all official communications and branding.[22][23] While its legal name remains to be Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, the university uses its short name or acronym, KU Leuven, in all communications, including academic research publications.[2] The long name is only used in legally binding documents such as contracts and only on the first instance, according to university's communication guidelines. According to its then rector, the change is intended as a way to emphasize its history of freedom of academic inquiry and its independence from the Church, without erasure of its Catholic heritage.[22]

Since August 2017, the university has been led by Luc Sels who replaced former rector Rik Torfs. The Belgian archbishop, André-Joseph Léonard is the current Grand Chancellor and a member of the university board.

KU Leuven hosts the world's largest banana genebank, the Bioversity International Musa Germplasm Transit Centre, that celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2017 and was visited by Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Development Cooperation, Alexander De Croo.[24]

In 2018, a student of African origin, Sanda Dia, died during a cruel hazing ritual to enter the Reuzegom fraternity.[25] The perpetrators, whose parents mostly belong to the upper class,[26] are being prosecuted, but were so far only lightly sanctioned by the university authorities.[27][28] As a consequence of these events, which attracted international media coverage,[29] the institution received criticism as to how it handled the matter. In 2023 18 students were fined 400 Euros and community service for their involvement in the death and the degrading treatment.[30]

Historically, the Catholic University of Leuven has been a major contributor to the development of Catholic theology. The university is dedicated to Mary, the mother of Jesus, under her traditional attribute as "Seat of Wisdom", and organizes an annual celebration on 2 February in her honour. On that day, the university also awards its honorary doctorates. The neo-Gothic seal created in 1909 and used by the university shows the medieval statue Our Lady of Leuven in a vesica piscis shape. The version used by KU Leuven dates from the 1990s and features the date 1425 in Times New Roman.

Campus
Students study in learning center AGORA at KU Leuven.

KU Leuven's main campus is in Leuven where school faculties, libraries, institutes, residence halls, the university hospital UZ Leuven, and other facilities are interspersed throughout the city proper, as well as just outside its ring road in Heverlee borough.[31] Its intercultural meeting center Pangaea is located in the city center. The University Sports Centre is located in Heverlee, including Univ-Fit gym. In addition, the UNESCO World Heritage Site Groot Begijnhof, a historic beguinage in the south of city, is owned by the university and functions as one of its many residence halls.

Public transport within the city is primarily served by the De Lijn bus system. Leuven is a main hub in Belgium's and nearby country's train network. Leuven station is located in the northeast edge of the city.

KU Leuven has campuses in Kortrijk, Antwerp, Ghent, Bruges, Ostend, Geel, Diepenbeek, Aalst, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Brussels.

Organization and academics

Academics at KU Leuven is organized into three groups, each with its own faculties, departments, and schools offering programs up to doctoral level. While most courses are taught in Dutch, many are offered in English, particularly the graduate programs.[32] Notable divisions of the university include the Institute of Philosophy and the Rega Institute for Medical Research.

The students of the university are gathered together in the student's council Studentenraad KU Leuven.[33]

Libraries
Central Library of the KU Leuven, seen from the Mgr. Ladeuzeplein

KU Leuven has 24 libraries and learning centers across its 12 campuses, containing millions of books and other media. Its theology library alone hold 1.3 million volumes, including works dating from the 15th century.[34] The following libraries are found at its Leuven campus:[35]

  • 2Bergen — Biomedical Library
  • 2Bergen — Campuslibrary Arenberg (exact sciences, engineering sciences, industrial engineering sciences, bio—engineering sciences, architecture and kinesiology and rehabilitation sciences)
  • Artes — Ladeuze & Erasmushuis (Humanities & Social Sciences Group and the Faculty of Arts)
  • Library of Psychology and Educational Sciences
  • Law Library
  • Library of Social Sciences
  • Library of the Institute of Philosophy
  • AGORA Learning Centre
  • EBIB Learning Centre
  • MATRIX (music and audio recordings library)
  • Maurits Sabbe Library (Library of the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies)

University hospital

Universitair ziekenhuis Leuven (UZ Leuven) is the teaching hospital associated with the KU Leuven. Its most well known and largest campus is Gasthuisberg, which also houses the faculty of pharmaceutical sciences and most of the faculty of medicine.

Breakthrough and notable research

KU Leuven scientists have managed to produce a solar hydrogen panel, which is able to directly convert no less than 15 per cent of sunlight into hydrogen gas, which according to them is a world record.[36][37][38][39] In the solar hydrogen panel the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions are performed in the gas phase in cathode and anode compartments separated by a membrane. Anion exchange membranes provide an alkaline environment enabling the use of earth abundant materials as electrocatalysts.[37]

According to IEEE Spectrum in 2019 this is a giant leap from 0.1% efficiency 10 years earlier.[39]

This technology bypasses the conversion losses of the classical solar–hydrogen energy cycle where solar power is first harvested via a solar panel and only then to converted to hydrogen with electrolysis plants.

Affiliations
Students attending a conference at KU Leuven

Since July 2002, thirteen higher education institutes have formed the KU Leuven Association. Members include:[40]

KU Leuven is a member of a number of international university affiliations including the League of European Research Universities, Coimbra Group, UNA Europa, Universitas 21, and Venice International University, among others.

The university is a member of the Flanders Interuniversity Institute of Biotechnology. The Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre is a spin-off company of the university.

Rankings
University rankings
Global – Overall
ARWU World[41]95 (2022)
CWUR World[42]107 (2023)
CWTS World[43]58 (2023)
QS World[44]61 (2024)
Reuters World[45]7 (2019)
THE World[46]42 (2023)
USNWR Global[47]50 (2022-23)
National – Overall
ARWU National[41]2 (2022)
CWTS National[43]1 (2023)
CWUR National[42]1 (2023)
QS National[44]1 (2024)
THE National[46]1 (2023)
USNWR National[47]1 (2022-23)

As of 2021, KU Leuven ranks in the world 45th in the Times Higher Education rankings, 84th according QS World University Rankings, 97th according to the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities.[46][41][44] KU Leuven ranked first in Thomson Reuters' list of Europe's most innovative universities four times in a row since it began in 2016.[48] As of 2019, also ranks 52nd according to the CWTS Leiden Ranking and 56th according U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking.[6][49]

According to QS World University Rankings by Subject in 2019, KU Leuven ranked within the world's top 50 universities in the following fields: Sports-related Subjects (11), Theology (14), Dentistry (17), Classics and Ancient History (22), Library and Information Management (23), Psychology (24), Statistics and Operational Research (26), Mechanical Engineering (30), Philosophy (31), Geography (34), Pharmacy & Pharmacology (35), Education and Training (36), Law (37), Social Policy and Administration (39), Development Studies (43), Materials sciences (45), Chemical Engineering (46), Politics (49), Sociology (50), Life Sciences and Medicine (56), Social Sciences and Management (60), Arts and Humanities (61), Engineering and Technology (61). Also according to QS, many other KU Leuven programs rank within the top 100 in the world, including Linguistics, English Language and Literature, History, Anatomy and Physiology, Architecture, Anthropology, Computer Science and Information System, Biological Sciences, Civil and Structural Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Business and Management Studies, Mathematics, Economics and Econometrics, Chemistry, Accounting and Finance .[50]

YearWorld university rankingEuropean university rankingWorld reputation ranking
2011119 (THE)37 (THE)
201267 (THE Increase 52)17 (THE Increase 20)81-90 (THE)
201358 (THE Increase 9)13 (THE Increase 4)81-90 (THE Steady)
201461 (THE Decrease 3)17 (THE Decrease 4)71-80 (THE Increase)
201555 (THE Increase 6) | 96 (ARWU Increase)13 (THE Increase 4) | 32 (ARWU Increase)71-80 (THE Steady)
201635 (THE Increase 20) | 90 (ARWU Increase 6)12 (THE Increase 1) | 32 (ARWU Steady)51-60 (THE Increase)
201740 (THE Decrease 5) | 93 (ARWU Decrease 3)12 (THE Steady) | 32 (ARWU Steady)51-60 (THE Steady)
201847 (THE Decrease 7) | 90 (ARWU Increase 3)14 (THE Decrease 2) | 31 (ARWU Increase 1)71-80 (THE Decrease)
2019 48 (THE Decrease 1) | 86 (ARWU Increase 4) 15 (THE Decrease ) | 28 (ARWU Increase 3) 51-60 (THE Increase)

Rectors
#NameBegan officeEnded officeStudiesVice-rector
1Pieter De Somer19681985Medicine
2Roger Dillemans19851995Law
3André Oosterlinck19952005Engineering
4Marc Vervenne20052009TheologyMark Waer
5Mark Waer20092013Medicine
6Rik Torfs20132017Canon Law
7 Luc Sels (nl) 2017 Economics

The founding brief of the Catholic University of Belgium of Pope Gregory XVI, of December 12, 1833.

Venerabiles Fratres Salutem et Apostolicam Benedictionem. Majori certe solatio affici non possumus, quam cum eos, qui in partem solicitudinis Nostrae sunt vocati, pastorali zelo flagrare, acriterque ad spirituale commissarum sibi Ovium bonum novimus vigilare. Licet porro praecipuam Fraternitatum Vestrarum virtutem satis jam multa declarassent eaque de causa jure Nobis laetari liceret ; conceptam tamen animo Nostro opinionem confirmarunt, Nostrumque gaudium abunde auxerunt obsequentissimae Litterae, quas die decimaquarta proxime elapsi Mensis ad Nos dedistis, et quibus ne dum Vestrum de Catholica in Belgio constituenda, et a Vobis tantum regenda Studiorum Universitate consilium significastis, sed etiam expositis commodis, quae tum animarum salus, tum Religio ipsa inde possunt accipere, Apostolica Nostra Auctoritate probari illud voluistis. Hanc Vos rationem sequuti, id egistis, quod ab antiquis temporibus consuetudo induxit, quodque debita huic Sanctae Sedi reverentia et observantia merito exigit. Cum enim ad Romanos Pontifices pro concredito Ipsis Apostolici Officii munere maxime pertineat Catholicam Fidem tueri sanctaeque ejus doctrinae depositum integrum ac intemeratum custodire; Eorum quoque esse debet Sacrarum Disciplinarum, quae publice in Universitatibus traditur,[51] institutionem moderari. Atque haec causa fuit cur Catholici etiam Principes, cum de hujusmodi Academiis, seu Universitatibus Studiorum statuendis cogitarunt, Apostolicam Sedem consulendam, Ejusque Auctoritatem exquirendam duxerint. Hinc celebriores, illustrioresque Europae Universitates nonnisi ex sententia et assensu Romanorum Pontificum fuisse constitutas gravissimae illarum historiae amplissime testantur. Nobis itaque quibus persuasum est ex recte comparatis Studiorum Universitatibus plurimum emolumenti in Christianam Rem publicam dimanare, jucundius nihil accidere potest, quam ut Vobis gratificemur et ad litterarum praesertim Sacrarum praesidium et incrementum Supremae Nostrae auctoritatis robur adjiciamus, atque hinc sapientissimum, quod una simul inivistis consilium, adprobamus, Vestramque ea de re solicitudinem summa laude, ac commendatione prosequimur. Eo autem libentius Vestris votis annuimus, quo certius Vestra industria, opera et cura futurum confidimus, ut quotquot ad istam Universitatem convenient bene morati juvenes, non scientia, quae inflat, sed scientia, quae cum charitate aedificat, non sapientia hujus saeculi, sed sapientia cujus initium timor Domini est, imbuantur. At illud probe intelligitis, Venerabiles Fratres, memoratam mox Universitatem ita quidem constitui oportere, ut nihil prorsus derogetur juribus, quae singulis Episcopis circa Clericorum in suis Dioecesanis seminariis institutionem, eorumque in Litteris, et disciplinis maxime Theologicis eruditionem Tridentini Patres adjudicarunt. Agite igitur, et Ille, a quo omne datum optimum, ac omne donum perfectum est, dexter Vobis, propitiusque adsit, et quae salubriter cogitastis, feliciter possitis implere. Interim Apostolicam Benedictionem Paternae Nostrae charitatis, et benevolentiae testimonium erga Fraternitates Vestras, peramanter Vobis impertimur. Datum Romae apud S. Petrum die 13 Decembris An. 1833. Pontificatus Nostri An. III.

Gregorius PP XVI

Notable alumni
For pre-1970 alumni, see Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968) § Notable alumni.

Honorary doctorates

Notable recipients of honorary doctorates at the KU Leuven include:

Bibliography

See also

Footnotes
  1. Dutch pronunciation: [katoˈlikə ʔynivɛrsiˈtɛit ˈløːvə(n)], listenⓘ
  2. According to the university's style guidelines (in Dutch), KU Leuven is the university's name in all languages. However, according to the university's statutes, the university's legal name by the law of 28 May 1970 issuing legal personality to the institution is Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven, which is used in the university's own official publications, with a variant Katholieke Universiteit Leuven according to the Flemish Community of Belgium.
  3. The Old University of Leuven (1425–1797) is the oldest university in the low countries, and the Catholic University of Leuven (1834) is generally, yet controversially, identified as a continuation of it. In the mid-1800s, Belgium's highest court, the Court of Cassation, ruled that the 1834 "Catholic University of Leuven" was a different institution created under a different charter and thus cannot be regarded as continuing the 1425 "University of Leuven".[16] See also: History of the Old University of Leuven.

References
  1. "Jaarverslag 2019" [2019 annual report] (PDF). www.kuleuven.be.
  2. "Basic info legal entity KU Leuven". admin.kuleuven.be. Retrieved 2020-04-30.
  3. "Studeren aan de KU Leuven, ook buiten Leuven – KU Leuven". Kuleuven.be. Retrieved 2015-10-18.
  4. "Student Numbers". Kuleuven.be. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  5. "International programmes". Kuleuven.be. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
  6. "Catholic University of Leuven". U.S. News & World Report.
  7. Bellefroid, Fred. "OECD Quality Assessment – Fostering Quality at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven" (PDF). OECD.
  8. "Religion and Philosophical Diversity at KU Leuven". www.kuleuven.be. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  9. "Religion in Leuven". www.kuleuven.be. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  10. Nicolaus Vernulaeus, Academia Lovaniensis, Louvain, chez Petrus Sassenus, édition de 1667, p. 1 : Primus Academiae Conditor fuit Ioannes Quartus, Lotharingiae, Brabantiae, et Limburgiae Dux, Marchio Sacri Imperii, Hannoniae, Hollandiae, Zelandiae Comes, et Dominus Frisiae, Religionis et optimarum Artium Princeps amantissimus. Movit illum miseratio imprimis primariae in Brabantia Urbis Lovanii, quae intestinis afflicta seditionibus, dilapsisque in Angliam et aliò mercimoniis, ac diminuto Civium artificumque numero vacua pene facta erat, ut iterum instauraretur frequentareturque. En : Emiel Lamberts and Jan Roegiers, Leuven University, Louvain, 1990, p. 21 : « The foundation of Louvain was the work of both ducal and municipal authorities. John IV, the Duke of Brabant, encouraged by two of his councillors, Engelbert van Nassau and Edmund van Dynter, strongly favoured the establishment of a higher centre of Learning in his dukedom ». Édouard Van Even, Louvain dans le passé et le présent, pp. 551-552: « C'est à Jean IV que les historiens ont attribué la gloire de cette fondation. ....Or, dans les comptes, nous avons constaté que l'université fut érigée par l'édilité louvaniste et que Jean IV n'a pas fait beaucoup plus que de permettre à son secrétaire d'adresser une supplique à la cour de Rome et de placeter les bulles d'érection ».
  11. Édouard Van Even, Louvain dans le passé et le présent, p. 552: « On avait également besoin du concours de l'écolâtre du chapitre de Saint-Pierre, maître Guillaume Neve, alors le chef de l'instruction à Louvain. Dans le principe, ce fonctionnaire se montra hostile au projet. C'était, sans doute, affaire d'intérêt personnel. Quoi qu'il en soit, la ville se vit obligée de recourir à l'intervention d'un prêtre, appelé Rutger Reppen, pour conquérir l'écolátre à sa cause. Cet ecclésiastique dut rencontrer chez le fonctionnaire du chapitre une résistance sérieuse ».
  12. Jules Delhaize, La domination française en Belgique, Brussels, 1909, tome III, p. 171 : « Les articles 3 et 4 du traité de Campo-Formio consacrèrent enfin, au point de vue international, la réunion de la Belgique à la France. Voici ces articles. Art. 3 - Sa Majesté l'Empereur, Roi de Hongrie et de Bohême, renonce pour elle et ses successeurs en faveur de la République française, à tous ses droits et titres sur les ci-devant provinces belgiques, connues sous le nom de Pays-Bas autrichiens. La République française possédera ces pays à perpétuité, en toute souveraineté et propriété, et avec tous les biens territoriaux qui en dépendent»
  13. The law of 15 September 1793 had decreed the suppression of all the colleges and universities in France, but the universities remain de facto until the new law of 7 ventôse year III (25 February 1795) creating the Écoles centrales. In accordance with this law the University of Louvain was abolished by Decree of the Departement of the Dijle. Louis Trénard, De Douai à Lille, une université et son histoire, Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 1978, p.37 note 6.
  14. Jan Roegiers et al., Leuven University, Leuven, Leuven University Press, 1990, p. 31: "With the Law of 3 Brumaire of Year IV, which reorganized higher education in the French Republic, there was no place for the University of Louvain, and it was abolished by Decree of the Departement of the Dijle on 25 october (1797)".
  15. Souvenir du XXVe anniversaire de la fondation de l'Université catholique : Novembre 1859, Louvain, typographie Vanlinthout et Cie, 1860 : "Inaugurée à Malines, le 4 novembre 1834, l'Université catholique a célébré à Louvain, le jeudi 3 novembre 1859, sa vingt-cinquième année d'existence"Souvenir du XXVe anniversaire de la fondation de l'Université catholique: Novembre 1859.
  16. Ruling of the Cour de Cassation of Belgium of 26 November 1846: "The Catholic University of Leuven can not be regarded as continuing the old University of Leuven", in, Table générale alphabétique et chronologique de la Pasicrisie Belge contenant la jurisprudence du Royaume de 1814 à 1850, Brussels, 1855, p. 585, column 1, alinea 2. See also: Bulletin Usuel des Lois et Arrêtés, 1861, p. 166.
  17. "KU Leuven Statutes". admin.kuleuven.be.
  18. "History". www.kuleuven.be. Retrieved Oct 4, 2020.
  19. Blogt, KU Leuven (2014-04-30). "De eerste vrouw in Leuven". KU Leuven blogt (in Dutch). Retrieved 2022-12-28.
  20. Meesters, Lore; Desmet, Emma (2021-03-08). "Honderd jaar vrouwelijke studenten aan KU Leuven". www.veto.be (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2022-12-28.
  21. "EFMD EQUIS Accreditation for KU Leuven's Faculty of Economics and Business". Retrieved Oct 4, 2020.
  22. "KU Leuven drops "Catholic" from its name". Flanders Today. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  23. "Leuven University changes its name". VRT. 26 December 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  24. "Belgian support for innovative agricultural research".
  25. Sanda Dia al eerder slachtoffer van racisme bij Reuzegom Het Laatste Nieuws, 30 August 2020
  26. Antwerp governor's son was member of student club involved in fatal hazing The Brussels Times, 08 August 2020
  27. Studentengroepen eisen sterk signaal KU Leuven voor leden Reuzegom De Morgen, 6 August 2020
  28. KU Leuven staff want tougher punishment for students involved in deadly hazing The Brussels Times, 04 August 2020
  29. A Black Belgian Student Saw a White Fraternity as His Ticket. It Was His Death The New York Times, 4 October 2020
  30. "Sanda Dia: Belgium reckons with verdict over black student's hazing death". BBC News. 2023-06-02. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
  31. "Student Services Leuven". www.kuleuven.be. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
  32. "Faculties, departments and schools". www.kuleuven.be. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
  33. "Studentenraad KU Leuven". Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  34. "... that our library has more than 1.3 million volumes?". Retrieved 2017-05-08.
  35. "KU Leuven libraries". bib.kuleuven.be. Retrieved 2017-05-08.
  36. "Green Energy Breakthrough Thanks to KU Leuven Scientists". www.kuleuven.be.
  37. Heremans, Gino; Trompoukis, Christos (2017). "Vapor-fed solar hydrogen production exceeding 15% efficiency using earth abundant catalysts and anion exchange membrane". Sustainable Energy & Fuels. 1 (10): 2061–2065. doi:10.1039/C7SE00373K. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
  38. "Green Energy Breakthrough Thanks to KU Leuven Scientists". www.kuleuven.be. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
  39. Gallucci, Maria (2019-03-13). "Solar Panel Splits Water to Produce Hydrogen". IEEE Spectrum. IEEE. Retrieved 2020-11-09. A research team in Belgium says its prototype panel can produce 250 liters of hydrogen gas per day
  40. Members KU Leuven Association. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
  41. "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2022". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  42. "World University Rankings 2023". Center for World University Rankingsg. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  43. "CWTS Leiden Ranking 2023 - P(top 10%)". CWTS Leiden Ranking. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  44. "QS World University Rankings 2024". 25 July 2023.
  45. "Reuters World's Top 100 Innovative Universities 2019". Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  46. "World University Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE). Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  47. "U.S. News Education: Best Global Universities - Catholic University of Leuven". 25 July 2023.
  48. Ewalt, David (15 August 2016). "Europe's 100 Most Innovative Universities". Reuters.
  49. Studies (CWTS), Centre for Science and Technology. "CWTS Leiden Ranking". CWTS Leiden Ranking. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
  50. "QS World University Rankings by Subject 2019". Top Universities. Retrieved 2017-05-11.
  51. Sic : "traditur" pour "traduntur".
  52. "KU Leuven and UGent to confer joint honorary doctorate on Angela Merkel". nieuws.kuleuven.be.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.