Levittown, Pennsylvania

Most of the land on which Levittown is built was purchased in 1951.[6] Levitt and Sons only built six models of houses in Levittown, all single-family dwellings with lawns: the Levittowner, the Rancher, the Jubilee, the Pennsylvanian, the Colonial and the Country Clubber, with only modest exterior variations within each model. The homes were moderately priced and required only a low down payment. Construction of Levittown began in February 1952, soon after completion of Levittown, New York, located on Long Island. Levittown, Pennsylvania, was the second "Levittown" built by William J. Levitt, who is often credited as the creator of the modern American suburb.[7][8][9] To speed up construction, Levitt & Sons perfected a 26-step rationalized building method that was essentially an assembly line type of home building. The house remained stationary, while the construction workers moved from house to house. Each worker had one task such as pouring slabs, framing, installing electric sockets or installing washing machines. This highly regimented process enabled Levitt's workers to produce a finished house every 16 minutes. Construction of the homes commenced in 1952 and when completed in 1958, 17,311 homes were built.

What set Levittown apart from other developments at the time was that it was built as a complete community. Levitt & Sons designed neighborhoods with traffic-calming curvilinear roads, in which there were no four-way intersections. Each neighborhood had within its boundaries a site donated by Levitt & Sons for a public elementary school. Locations for churches and other public facilities were set aside on main thoroughfares such as the Levittown Parkway, likewise donated by the builder to religious groups and other organizations. Other amenities included Olympic-sized public pools, parks, "greenbelts", baseball fields and playgrounds, and a shopping center located in neighboring Tullytown borough that was considered large and modern at the time of its construction (and in fact was the largest east of the Mississippi). The first set of four sample homes were put on display in a swatch of land near the future Levittown Shop-a-Rama, and an estimated 30,000 people viewed them in that first weekend.[10]

Aerial view of Levittown c. 1959

Residents (who are sometimes called Levittowners) were first expected to comply with a lengthy list of rules and regulations regarding the upkeep of their homes and use of their property. Two of these "rules" included a prohibition on hanging laundry out to dry on Sunday and not allowing homeowners to fence off their yards. These proved unenforceable over time, particularly when backyard pools became financially accessible to the working class and privacy concerns drove many to fence off their yards.[11] In the years since Levitt & Sons ended construction, three- and four-story "garden apartments" and a number of non-Levitt owner-occupied houses have been built in Levittown.

William Levitt had a career-long commitment to a whites-only policy in their developments. Levitt & Sons would not sell homes to African Americans. Levitt did not consider himself to be a racist, considering housing and racial relations entirely separate matters. Initially, the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) conditioned essential financing for this and similar projects on the restriction of home sales to those of "the Caucasian race", as stipulated in housing rent and sales agreements and deed covenants.[12] This did not prevent Bea and Lew Wechsler, a Jewish couple from the Bronx, from connecting an African-American family to a neighbor who desired to sell his home. Levittown's first Black couple, William and Daisy Myers, bought a home in the Dogwood Hollow section in 1957.[13] Their move to Levittown was marked with racist harassment and mob violence, which required intervention by state authorities.[14] This led to an injunction and criminal charges against the harassers while the Myerses and their supporters refused to surrender and received national acclaim for their efforts. For instance, Daisy Myers has been hailed as "The Rosa Parks of the North",[15] who helped expose the northern states' problems with racial inequality of that time. Daisy Myers later wrote a book about her family's experiences.[16] She died Dec. 5, 2011, in York, Pa.[17] The NAACP and the ACLU opposed Levitt’s racist policies, and the Federal Housing Administration threatened to refuse mortgages on his next Levittown. Levitt still refused to sell to blacks, and developed plans for yet another whites-only Levittown—this one to be in Willingboro Township, N.J.—while fighting legal challenges in New Jersey courts. Ultimately the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear his case.[18]

The community's otherwise placid exterior was again disturbed during the so-called suburban gas riots of June 1979 in the wake of the Camp David Peace Accords, which resulted in a second embargo by Arab oil-producing nations. The unrest occurred June 24–25, 1979, as lines swelled and tempers flared in the heart of Levittown at an intersection known as Five Points, a location surrounded by six service stations, two of which were severely damaged by vandalism in the riots. The two days of riots made national headlines and were mentioned (although not directly by name) in the draft of an address to the nation that was to have been delivered by President Jimmy Carter on July 5, 1979.[19]

A baseball team from Levittown won the Little League World Series in 1960. Levittown American beat an opponent from Fort Worth, Texas, to win the honor.

Of the five public pools built by Levitt & Sons and operated by the Levittown Public Recreation Association (LPRA), four were closed in 2002, with the exception being one located in the Pinewood section. LPRA Headquarters (and other landmarks) of this prototypical post-war suburb of sometimes mythic importance have been the focus of historic preservation efforts. Since 2002, studies have been underway to establish the Levittown Historic District.

Since its inception in 1988, the Bucks County St. Patrick's Day Parade has been held in Levittown. Every year, the parade steps off from St Joseph the Worker Church, and proceeds two miles (3 km) on New Falls Road to Conwell-Egan Catholic High School. St Joseph the Worker Church has since been torn down.

Middletown residents are served by public schools run by the Neshaminy School District. Bristol Township public schools are managed by the Bristol Township School District. Falls Township and Tullytown Borough residents are served by the Pennsbury School District.

Some students attend schools run by Roman Catholic, Lutheran, evangelical Protestant and Quaker organizations, in and around Levittown.

Levittown is located at 40°9′15″N 74°50′59″W.[26] Levittown lies in the southern end of Bucks County ("Lower Bucks"), between Philadelphia and Trenton, New Jersey; Downtown Philadelphia ("Center City") is approximately 22 miles (35 km) away. It is part of the Philadelphia metropolitan area (an area also known generally as the Delaware Valley). It is adjacent to and nearly surrounds Fairless Hills, a suburban community more modest in scale, but that shares many of Levittown's characteristics.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 10.2 square miles (26 km²), of which 0.5 km² (0.59%) is water. It has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) bordering a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa) and average monthly temperatures in the central CDP range from 32.2 °F in January to 76.1 °F in July.[27] The local hardiness zone is 7a.

Levittown station on SEPTA Regional Rail's Trenton Line

SEPTA Regional Rail serves Levittown to the south at its Levittown station on the Trenton Line, and to the north at its Langhorne and Woodbourne stations on the West Trenton Line. Interstate 295 (I-295) runs to the north and west of Levittown, connecting it with the suburbs north of Trenton. The Pennsylvania Turnpike (I-95) runs southwest of Levittown, connecting it with Philadelphia, the western suburbs, and the New Jersey Turnpike. U.S. Route 1 (US 1) runs to the north, carrying traffic directly into downtown Trenton. The nearest international airport is Philadelphia International Airport (Airport Code PHL), approximately 34 miles (55 km) southwest of Levittown. The nearest Amtrak station is just across the Delaware River in Trenton at the Trenton Transit Center, just over 9 miles (14 km) to the east.

Though a steel mill once operated by U.S. Steel provided employment in Falls Township, many Levittown Residents have historically commuted by automobile or train to Philadelphia, Trenton, Princeton and still others to more distant locales in as many as four states. Just over ten percent of employed Levittown Residents both live and work in the community.

As of the 2010 census, Levittown was 87.7% White, 5.1% Hispanic or Latino ancestry of any race, 3.6% Black or African American, 1.7% Asian, 1.6% were two or more races, 0.3% were some other race and 0.2% Native American.[16][31]

As of the census[32] of 2000, there were 53,966 people, 18,603 households, and 14,510 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 5,309.5 inhabitants per square mile (2,050.0/km²). There were 19,044 housing units at an average density of 1,873.7/mi² (723.7/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.4% White, 2.4% African American, 2.2% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 1.2% from two or more races, 0.95% Asian, 0.9% from other races, 0.2% Native American and 0.04% Pacific Islander.

There were 18,603 households, out of which 35.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.7% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.0% were non-families. 17.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.28.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.4% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $52,514, and the median income for a family was $57,220. Males had a median income of $40,411 versus $29,685 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,047. About 3.1% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.6% of those under the age of 18 and 3.5% of those 65 and older.

85.4% of Levittown residents ages 25 or older had at least a high school diploma, while 13.4% had at least a bachelor's degree.

• Keith Armstrong, current Special Teams coordinator for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers[33]
• Susan Barnett, anchor of the CBS 3 Philadelphia evening news[34]
• Anna Burger, Secretary-Treasurer of the SEIU[35]
• Jim Cawley, Bucks County Commissioner and Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania[36]
• David A. Christian, U.S. Army captain and decorated Vietnam veteran[37]
• Rick DeJesus, musician[38]
• Steven E. de Souza, Hollywood screenwriter and director[39]
• Bob Zupcic, former outfielder for the Boston Red Sox
• Brian Fitzpatrick, U.S. Representative for the 1st District
• Mike Fitzpatrick, former U.S. Representative for the former 8th District[40]
• Eric Goldberg, Disney animator and director[41]
• Steven Kunes, TV writer and producer
• Jeri Massi, evangelical Protestant author[42]
• Joe McEwing, former Major League Baseball player
• Bill O'Neill, four-time All American ten-pin bowler for Saginaw Valley State University who is now competing on the PBA Tour[43]
• Robert Schooley, creator of Kim Possible[39]
• Mark Schweiker, Republican former Governor of Pennsylvania[44]
• Steve Slaton, Former running back for the NFL's Miami Dolphins[45]
• David Uosikkinen, drummer for rock band The Hooters[46]
• Troy Vincent, former NFL defensive back, attended Pennsbury High School[47]
• Earl "the Twirl" Williams, American-Israeli former professional basketball player[48]

• Anderson, David, Levittown is Burning: Gas Line Riot and the Decline of the Blue-Collar American Dream," Labor: Studies in Working-Class History in the Americas (Duke University Press: Fall 2005)
• Caldwell, Christopher, "Levittown to Littleton: Seclusion of Affluent Suburbs Prevents Normal Socialization For Children," National Review, (May 31, 1999) (arguing that the multi-acre lots of the western suburbs such as those who attend Columbine High School in Colorado, largely unknown in the east, isolate affluent suburban children and present a problem that no child in Levittown ever faced)
• Duncan, Susan Kirsch, Levittown: The Way We Were, Maple Hill Press (1999), ISBN 0-930545-18-4
• Dubya, Jay (Wiessner), Black Leather and Blue Denim: A '50s Novel, CyberRead Publishing (2001), ISBN 1-931921-76-8 (a fictionalized account of "greasers" in Levittown's Dogwood Hollow and Kenwood sections during the 1950s)
• Gans, Herbert J. Gans (1967). The Levittowners: Ways of Life and Politics in a New Suburban Community (PDF). Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-05571-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 9, 2005. Retrieved December 4, 2020. (though written about Levittown, New Jersey, which had since reverted to its original name, Willingboro, New Jersey, the book includes information relevant to Levitt & Sons development in general)
• Goetz, Sam. Bruno, 16 mm black and white film (2006) (Sam Goetz grew up in Lower Orchard section of Levittown; the production was filmed at locations in the "urban wasteland" of Trenton, New Jersey, and at locations in and around Levittown, including Core Creek Park, the former Best Department Store, Neshaminy High School and a Jubilee-style Levittown home)
• Harris, Dianne, ed. Second Suburb: Levittown, Pennsylvania (University of Pittsburgh Press; 2010) 429 pages. Scholarly essays, oral histories, and other writings on the town
• Hurst, Richard, "My Bay", Christopher Street (New York: February 1994, issue 210), ISSN 0146-7921 (written by a former Levittowner about Little League baseball, "the only tradition in our otherwise ahistoric lives of glass-ceiling experimental schools and clean theme-park summers," recounting summers marching as the season began from Carl Sandburg Middle School to the ball fields south of Twin Oaks)
• Jackson, Kenneth T. (1985), Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-504983-7
• Kimmel, Chad, Levittown, Pennsylvania: A Sociological History, University of Western Michigan Dissertation (2004) (examines the arrival of Levittown's first African-American family, the 1979 gas riots and the decline of the steel industry on local residents)
• Krass, Alfred C., "Growing Together in Spirituality: Pastor and Parish Have a Check-Up," Christian Century, (April 1987) (Krass was pastor of the United Christian Church in Levittown, and still a resident of the community; he asks how mainstream Protestants might move beyond the "autonomy of the individual member" that is so often part and parcel of a liberal world view)
• Levittown: Voices of the Millennium (video), Harcourt School Publishers (no date)
• Popenoe, David, The Suburban Environment: Sweden and the United States, University of Chicago Press, (1977), ISBN 0-226-67542-4 (a comparison of Levittown and Vällingby, Sweden, a Stockholm suburb of similar size, construction date and demographics; see also Hässelby-Vällingby Borough, Vällingby)
• Wechshler, Lewis, The First Stone: A Memoir of the Racial Integration of Levittown, Pennsylvania, Grounds for Growth Press (2004), ISBN 0-615-12565-4
• Wetherell, W.D., The Man Who Loved Levittown, University of Pittsburgh Press (1985), ISBN 0-8229-3520-1 (fiction, winner of the 1985 Drue Heinz Literature Prize)

• Levittown: Building the Suburban Dream, a website of a 2003 exhibit about Levittown at the State Museum of Pennsylvania
• Levittown Community Profile
• Levittown Detailed Profile
• Coming Home: Levittown Revisited, a photographic essay by former Levittowner Joan Klatchko who has lived abroad for many years
• Film images of Levittown's construction
• More film images of Levittown's construction
• Mastrull, Diane, "A Bit Worn, But Still Solid, Philadelphia Inquirer, (December 7, 2005)
• Middletown Township Millennium Park and Recreation Plan, including a map of Levittown's greenbelt parks in Middletown Township on pages 161–62
• Metropolitan Philadelphia population and geography
• The People of Levittown, Pa. – slideshow by The New York Times
• Documents on Integration in Levittown from the Pennsylvania State Archives