Libyan resistance movement

The Libyan resistance movement was the rebel force opposing the Italian Empire during its Pacification of Libya between 1923 and 1932.

Not to be confused with Anti-Gaddafi forces.
Libyan resistance movement
Date1911-1917
1923-1932
Location
Italian Tripolitania and Italian Cyrenaica (later Italian Libya) Egypt, Sudan
Result
  • Suppression of the resistance by the Italians
  • Omar Mukhtar executed
Belligerents

 Kingdom of Italy

 Libya
Commanders and leaders
Fascist Italy (1922–1943) Rodolfo Graziani Emir Idris of Cyrenaica
Omar Mukhtar Executed
Casualties and losses
Unknown

40,000[1]-70,000 dead[2] (battles, deportation, starvation etc.).

250,000-300,000 total loss (migration of indigenous) [3]
Part of a series on the
History of Libya
Prehistory  
Ancient history 3200–146 BC
Roman era 146 BC – mid-7C
Islamic rule mid-7c–1510
Spanish Tripoli 1510–1530
Hospitaller Tripoli 1530–1551
Ottoman Tripolitania 1551–1911
Italian colonization:
Italian Tripolitania and Cyrenaica		 1911–1934
Italian Libya 1934–1943
Allied occupation 1943–1951
Kingdom of Libya 1951–1969
Libya under Muammar Gaddafi 1969–2011
First Civil War 2011
National Transitional Council 2011–2012
General National Congress 2012–2014
House of Representatives 2014–present
Second Civil War 2014–2020
Government of National Accord 2016–2021
Government of National Unity 2021–present
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History

First years
Main articles: Italo-Turkish War and Senussi Campaign

The Libyan resistance, associated with the Senussi Order, was initially led by Omar Mukhtar (Arabic عمر المختار ‘Umar Al-Mukhtār, 1862–1931), who was from the tribe of Mnifa. The First Italo-Senussi War had two main active phases: the Italo-Turkish War (1911–12), when Italy invaded Libya, and the Senussi Campaign (1915–17), part of World War I, in which Italian and British forces fought the Ottoman and German-supported Senussi. The Libyans were eventually defeated. After a period of relative peace, the Second Italo-Senussi War broke out in 1923 and lasted until 1932.

Second Italo-Libyan War (1923–1932)
Main article: Pacification of Libya

Later King Idris and his Senussi tribe in the provinces of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania started to become opposed to the Italian colonization after 1929, when Italy changed its political promises of moderate "protectorate" to the Senussi (done in 1911) and—because of Benito Mussolini—started to take complete colonial control of Libya.

Resistance was crushed by General Rodolfo Graziani in the 1930s and the country was again controlled by the Italians with the help of Arab fascists, to the point that many Libyan colonial troops fought on the side of Italy between 1940 and 1943: two divisions of Libyan colonial troops were created in the late 1930s and 30,000 native Libyans fought for Italy during World War II.

See also

References
  1. Mohamed Fekini and the Fight to Free Libya - Angelo Del Boca,Antony Shugaar
  2. A Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures - Prem Poddar,Rajeev Shridhar Patke,Lars Jensen
  3. John L. Wright, Libya, a Modern History, Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 42.
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