Licensing of the Press Act 1662

The Licensing of the Press Act 1662 was an Act of the Parliament of England (14 Cha. 2. c. 33) with the long title "An Act for preventing the frequent Abuses in printing seditious treasonable and unlicensed Books and Pamphlets and for regulating of Printing and Printing Presses". Having expired in 1695,[1] it was officially repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1863, which repealed a large set of superseded acts.[2]

Licensing of the Press Act 1662

Act of Parliament
Parliament of England
Long title	An Act for preventing the frequent Abuses in printing seditious treasonable and unlicensed Books and Pamphlets and for regulating of Printing and Printing Presses
Citation	14 Cha. 2. c. 33 (Ruffhead: 13 & 14 Cha. 2. c. 33)
Territorial extent	England and Wales
Dates
Royal assent	19 May 1662
Commencement	10 June 1662
Expired	9 June 1664
Repealed	28 July 1863
Other legislation
Amended by	Administration of Intestates' Estate Act 1685 Estreats: Personal Representatives Act 1692
Repealed by	Statute Law Revision Act 1863
Relates to	Licensing of the Press Act 1664 Licensing of the Press (No. 2) Act 1664
Status: Repealed
Text of statute as originally enacted

Licensing of the Press Act 1664
Act of Parliament
Parliament of England
Long title	An Act for continuance of a former Act for regulateing the Presse.
Citation	16 Cha. 2. c. 8
Dates
Royal assent	17 May 1664
Commencement	16 March 1664
Expired	2 March 1665
Other legislation
Amends	Licensing of the Press Act 1662
Repealed by	Statute Law Revision Act 1863
Status: Repealed
Text of statute as originally enacted

Licensing of the Press (No. 2) Act 1664
Act of Parliament
Parliament of England
Long title	An Act for continuance of a former Act for regulateing the Presse.
Citation	16 & 17 Cha. 2. c. 7
Dates
Royal assent	2 March 1665
Commencement	24 November 1664
Expired	31 October 1665
Other legislation
Amends	Licensing of the Press Act 1662
Repealed by	Statute Law Revision Act 1863
Status: Repealed
Text of statute as originally enacted

The Act was originally limited to two years. The provisions as to importation of books, the appointment of licensers, and the number of printers and founders were practically re-enactments of the similar provisions in an order of the Star Chamber of 1637.

Printing presses were not to be set up without notice to the Stationers' Company. A king's messenger had power by warrant of the king or a secretary of state to enter and search for unlicensed presses and printing. Severe penalties by fine and imprisonment were denounced against offenders. The act was successively renewed up to 1679.[1]

Under the powers of the act Sir Roger L'Estrange was appointed licenser, and the effect of the supervision was that practically the newspaper press was reduced to the London Gazette. The objections made to lines 594–599 of the first book of Paradise Lost by the archbishop of Canterbury's chaplain, acting as licenser, are well known. The act expired in 1679, and for the remainder of the reign of Charles II, as in the reign of George III, the restrictions on the press took the form of prosecutions for libel.[1]

In 1685 the Licensing Act was renewed for seven years (1 Ja. 2. c. 17, s. 15).[1] No mention of the liberty of the press was made in the Bill of Rights of 1689. On the expiration of the Licensing Act in 1692 it was continued till the end of the existing session of Parliament (4 Will. & Mar. c. 24, s. 14). In 1695 the Commons refused to renew it. The stationers petitioned Parliament for new censorship legislation, and when that failed they argued that authors had a natural and inherent right of ownership in what they wrote (knowing there was little an author could do with such rights other than sign them over to a publisher).[3] This argument persuaded the Parliament and in 1710 the first Copyright Act (8 Ann. c. 19) was enacted.[4]

The power of a secretary of state to issue a warrant, whether general or special, for the purpose of searching for and seizing the author of a libel or the libellous papers themselves – a power exercised by the Star Chamber and confirmed by the Licensing Act – was still asserted, and was not finally declared illegal until the case of Entick v. Carrington in 1765 (St. Tr. xix. 1030). In 1776 the House of Commons came to a resolution in accordance with this decision. The compulsory stamp duty on newspapers was abandoned in 1855 (18 & 19 Vict. c. 27), the duty on paper in 1861 (24 & 25 Vict. c. 20), the optional duty on newspapers in 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 38). From that time the English press may be said to date its complete freedom, which rests rather upon an oral constitutional rather than a statutory foundation. No legislative provision confirms the freedom of the press, as is the case in many countries.