Lightning rod fashion

Lightning rod fashion was a fad in late eighteenth-century Europe after the lightning rod, invented by Benjamin Franklin, was introduced.[1][2] Lightning rod hats for ladies and lightning umbrellas for gentlemen were most popular in France, especially in Paris. The concept that inspired the fashion was that a lightning bolt would strike the Franklin-designed protective device instead of the person, and then the electricity would travel down a small metal chain into the ground harmlessly. The technology was already used to some extent in France to protect wooden buildings, and was therefore an accepted science concept that developed into a temporary fashion.

Lightning rod umbrella

Background

The lightning rod, invented by Franklin in the mid-eighteenth century to protect wooden structures, did not become commonplace in the United States until the nineteenth century, over fifty years after he first unveiled the concept.[3] However, his experiments made electricity a fashionable topic in European society.[4]

Fashion styles

Lady's lightning rod hat

In 1778, experiments were performed testing the concept of placing a lightning rod above a person's head, in an accessory, to protect them from lightning strikes.[5] A woven metal ribbon was placed around a lady's hat, and a small chain made of silver was attached to the ribbon. The chain was meant to run down the back of the lady's dress and drag on the ground.[6] The electricity of a lightning strike to the ribbon would theoretically travel down the chain and into the ground, thus protecting the wearer of the hat. The supposed protection that this type of hat offered made it a popular Paris fashion trend in 1778.[7][8][9] The lightning hat was called le chapeau paratonnerre in French.[2][10]

A gentleman's 1778 version of the lightning hat involved an umbrella with a tip extended into a pointed rod.[11] A metal chain ran from the rod over the exterior of the open umbrella and down onto the ground, thus providing a conduit for the lightning to follow.[10] In French, the lightning umbrella was called le parapluie-paratonnerre.[10]

The French physician and writer Claude Jean Veau Delaunay demonstrated a portable, telescoping lightning rod that was 6 metres (20 feet) long when fully extended.[1] This was intended for use by people in open areas, such as a farmers in their fields.[1]

In the humorous play Le Palais de Cristal ou les Parisiens à Londres ('The Crystal Palace or the Parisians in London'), written on the occasion of the Great Exhibition 1851 by Clairville and Éléonore Tenaille de Vaulabelle (under the pseudonym Jules Cordier), there is a scene presenting a version of the lightning hat (chapeau paratonnerre) as a "Chinese invention".[12]

References

  1. Schiffer 2003, p. 190.
  2. O'Reilly 2011, p. 184.
  3. Camenzind 2007, p. 22.
  4. "THE LIGHTNING ROD FASHION". Lubbock Morning Avalanche. Lubbock, Texas. May 13, 1933 via Newspapers.com open access.
  5. "The Lightning Rod Fashion". Valley Morning Star. Harlingen, Texas. May 13, 1933 via Newspapers.com open access.
  6. "Believe it or NOT". The Record-Argus. Greenville, Pennsylvania. May 13, 1933 via Newspapers.com open access.
  7. Figuier 1867, p. 569.
  8. Société française des électriciens 1936, p. 522.
  9. Wilson 1960, p. 20.
  10. Dray 2005, p. 148.
  11. Bureaux 1895, p. 211.
  12. Clairville & Cordier 1851, p. 31.

Sources

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