Limbo (programming language)

Limbo is a programming language for writing distributed systems and is the language used to write applications for the Inferno operating system. It was designed at Bell Labs by Sean Dorward, Phil Winterbottom, and Rob Pike.[1]

Limbo
ParadigmConcurrent
Designed bySean Dorward, Phil Winterbottom, Rob Pike
DeveloperBell Labs / Vita Nuova Holdings
First appeared1995 (1995)
Typing disciplineStrong
OSInferno
LicenseGNU GPL v2, see NOTICE in limbo subfolder of the tarball
Websitewww.vitanuova.com/inferno/limbo.html
Major implementations
Dis virtual machine
Influenced by
C, Pascal, CSP, Alef, Newsqueak
Influenced
Stackless Python, Go, Rust

The Limbo compiler generates architecture-independent object code which is then interpreted by the Dis virtual machine or compiled just before runtime to improve performance. Therefore all Limbo applications are completely portable across all Inferno platforms.

Limbo's approach to concurrency was inspired by Hoare's communicating sequential processes (CSP), as implemented and amended in Pike's earlier Newsqueak language and Winterbottom's Alef.

Language features

Limbo supports the following features:

Virtual machine

The Dis virtual machine that executes Limbo code is a CISC-like VM, with instructions for arithmetic, control flow, data motion, process creation, synchronizing and communicating between processes, loading modules of code, and support for higher-level data-types: strings, arrays, lists, and communication channels.[2] It uses a hybrid of reference counting and a real-time garbage-collector for cyclic data.[3]

Aspects of the design of Dis were inspired by the AT&T Hobbit microprocessor, as used in the original BeBox.

Examples

Limbo uses Ada-style definitions as in:

name := type value;
name0,name1 : type = value;
name2,name3 : type;
name2 = value;

Hello world

implement Command;

include "sys.m";
    sys: Sys;

include "draw.m";

include "sh.m";

init(nil: ref Draw->Context, nil: list of string)
{
    sys = load Sys Sys->PATH;
    sys->print("Hello World!\n");
}

Books

The 3rd edition of the Inferno operating system and Limbo programming language are described in the textbook Inferno Programming with Limbo ISBN 0-470-84352-7 (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), by Phillip Stanley-Marbell. Another textbook The Inferno Programming Book: An Introduction to Programming for the Inferno Distributed System, by Martin Atkins, Charles Forsyth, Rob Pike and Howard Trickey, was started, but never released.

See also

References

  1. "Inferno Application Programming". vitanuova. vitanuova. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
  2. "Dis Virtual Machine Specification". Vita Nuova. 2000. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  3. Lorenz Huelsbergen and Phil Winterbottomv (1998). "Very Concurrent Mark and Sweep Garbage Collection without Fine-Grain Synchronization" (PDF). 1998 International Symposium on Memory Management.
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