Link rot

A number of studies have examined the prevalence of link rot within the World Wide Web, in academic literature that uses URLs to cite web content, and within digital libraries.

A 2002 study suggested that link rot within digital libraries is considerably slower than on the web, finding that about 3% of the objects were no longer accessible after one year[1] (equating to a half-life of nearly 23 years).

A 2003 study found that on the Web, about one link out of every 200 broke each week,[2] suggesting a half-life of 138 weeks. This rate was largely confirmed by a 2016–2017 study of links in Yahoo! Directory (which had stopped updating in 2014 after 21 years of development) that found the half-life of the directory's links to be two years.[3]

A 2004 study showed that subsets of Web links (such as those targeting specific file types or those hosted by academic institutions) could have dramatically different half-lives.[4] The URLs selected for publication appear to have greater longevity than the average URL. A 2015 study by Weblock analyzed more than 180,000 links from references in the full-text corpora of three major open access publishers and found a half-life of about 14 years,[5] generally confirming a 2005 study that found that half of the URLs cited in D-Lib Magazine articles were active 10 years after publication.[6] Other studies have found higher rates of link rot in academic literature but typically suggest a half-life of four years or greater.[7][8] A 2013 study in BMC Bioinformatics analyzed nearly 15,000 links in abstracts from Thomson Reuters's Web of Science citation index and found that the median lifespan of web pages was 9.3 years, and just 62% were archived.[9] A 2021 study of external links in New York Times articles published between 1996 and 2019 found a half-life of about 15 years (with significant variance among content topics) but noted that 13% of functional links no longer lead to the original content—a phenomenon called content drift.[10]

A 2023 study looking at United States COVID-19 dashboards found that 23% of the state dashboards available in February of 2021 were no longer available at the previous URLs in April of 2023.[11]

Link rot can result from several occurrences. A target web page may be removed. The server that hosts the target page could fail, be removed from service, or relocate to a new domain name. A domain name's registration may lapse or be transferred to another party. Some causes will result in the link failing to find any target and returning an error such as HTTP 404. Other causes will cause a link to target content other than what was intended by the link's author.

Other reasons for broken links include:

• the restructuring of websites that causes changes in URLs (e.g. domain.net/pine_tree might be moved to domain.net/tree/pine)
• relocation of formerly free content to behind a paywall[11]
• a change in server architecture that results in code such as PHP functioning differently
• dynamic page content such as search results that changes by design
• deletion of the target page and/or its content
• the presence of user-specific information (such as a login name) within the link
• deliberate blocking by content filters or firewalls
• the expiration of a domain name registration

Strategies for preventing link rot can focus on placing content where its likelihood of persisting is higher, authoring links that are less likely to be broken, taking steps to preserve existing links, or repairing links whose targets have been relocated or removed.

The creation of URLs that will not change with time is the fundamental method of preventing link rot. Preventive planning has been championed by Tim Berners-Lee and other web pioneers.[12]

Strategies pertaining to the authorship of links include:

• linking to primary rather than secondary sources and prioritizing stable sites
• avoiding links that point to resources on researchers' personal pages[6]
• using clean URLs or otherwise employing URL normalization or URL canonicalization[13]
• using permalinks and persistent identifiers such as ARKs, DOIs, Handle System references, PURLs, or content addressing[14]
• avoiding linking to documents other than web pages[13]
• avoiding deep linking
• linking to web archives such as the Internet Archive,[15] WebCite,[16] archive.today, Perma.cc,[17] Amber,[18] or Arweave[19]

Strategies pertaining to the protection of existing links include:

• using redirection mechanisms such as HTTP 301 to automatically refer browsers and crawlers to relocated content.
• using content management systems which can automatically update links when content within the same site is relocated or automatically replace links with canonical URLs[20]
• integrating search resources into HTTP 404 pages[21]

The detection of broken links may be done manually or automatically. Automated methods include plug-ins for content management systems as well as standalone broken-link checkers such as like Xenu's Link Sleuth. Automatic checking may not detect links that return a soft 404 or links that return a 200 OK response but point to content that has changed.[22]

• Archive Team, web archiving team
• Dead Internet theory
• Deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia
• Digital preservation
• Infodemic
• Software rot

• Markwell, John; Brooks, David W. (2002). "Broken Links: The Ephemeral Nature of Educational WWW Hyperlinks". Journal of Science Education and Technology. 11 (2): 105–108. doi:10.1023/A:1014627511641. S2CID 60802264.
• Gomes, Daniel; Silva, Mário J. (2006). "Modelling Information Persistence on the Web" (PDF). Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Web Engineering. ICWE'06. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
• Dellavalle, Robert P.; Hester, Eric J.; Heilig, Lauren F.; Drake, Amanda L.; Kuntzman, Jeff W.; Graber, Marla; Schilling, Lisa M. (2003). "Going, Going, Gone: Lost Internet References". Science. 302 (5646): 787–788. doi:10.1126/science.1088234. PMID 14593153. S2CID 154604929.
• Koehler, Wallace (1999). "An Analysis of Web Page and Web Site Constancy and Permanence". Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 50 (2): 162–180. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(1999)50:2<162::AID-ASI7>3.0.CO;2-B.
• Sellitto, Carmine (2005). "The impact of impermanent Web-located citations: A study of 123 scholarly conference publications" (PDF). Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 56 (7): 695–703. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.473.2732. doi:10.1002/asi.20159.

The Wikibook Authoring Webpages has a page on the topic of: Preventing link rot

Look up link rot or linkrot in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Future-Proofing Your URIs
• Nielsen, Jakob (14 June 1998). "Fighting Linkrot". Archived from the original on 23 December 2012.