Linophryne arborifera

Linophryne arborifera, or illuminated netdevil,[1] is an anglerfish of the family Linophrynidae, found in all tropical and subtropical oceans at depths below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in the Bathyal zone. Its length is up to 77 mm (3 inches). The female is significantly larger than the mature, parasitic male.

Linophryne arborifera
Drawing by Dr Tony Ayling
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Lophiiformes
Family: Linophrynidae
Genus: Linophryne
Species:
L. arborifera
Binomial name
Linophryne arborifera
Regan, 1925

Characteristics

The literal translation is Linophryne arborifera, which is Greek for “tree-bearing flax-toad.” The female Linophryne has not only a luminous lure on the head, called the esca (Latin for “food”), but also a multibranched barbel hanging from the lower jaw. The barbel filaments contain many more bioluminescent organs.

At a length of up to 77 mm (3 inches), females are significantly larger than the males, which reach only about 15 mm (0.6 inches).[2] After metamorphosis they are black in color. They have no scales and gelatinous skin. They are different from all other ceratioid families in having dorsal-fin rays 3 (rarely 4), anal-fin rays 3 (rarely 2 or 4), branchiostegal rays 5 (rarely 4), and a sinistral (opens to the left) anus. The eyes of linophrynid males are very well developed and unique among ceratioids in being tubular and directed somewhat forward. The nostrils of linophrynid males are also large and well developed.

Distribution

Linophryne arborifera is found in all tropical and subtropical oceans at depths below 1,000 m (3,300 ft).

Feeding

Recorded prey of the genus Linophryne include fishes and crustaceans. Attached males obtain their nutrition from the female. They attach to the female with their jaws on her ventral surface. Blood vessels and tissues between them become integrated, allowing nutrients to pass from the female to the male.[3]

Based on finding empty stomachs in captured free-living males, scientists think linophrynid males are unable to feed during their free-living stage after metamorphosis. Also, the “short and stout” denticulars of the upper and lower jaws of these males do not seem suitable for prey capture, and the alimentary canal is undeveloped.[4] Current understanding is that free-living males die after a few months if they do not attach to a female.

Growth and reproduction

In the family Linophrynidae, males are obligatory sexual parasites.[5] Attached males are nearly always found upside down, facing forward, and attached to the belly close to the anus. In all specimens found so far, only one male is attached to each female, which differs from some other angler fish species. Females without attached males and free-living males do not have well-developed sexual organs, so it seems that they must be attached for maturation and reproduction to occur. A 77-mm female Linophryne arborifera, with a 15-mm parasitic male, was observed to have numerous eggs embedded in a gelatinous mass (the so-called “egg raft” or “veil,” a reproductive device characteristic of all lophiiform fishes) protruding from the genital opening; the eggs, 0.6–0.8mm in diameter, are among the largest known for any ceratioid.[6]

Bioluminescence

Several species of deep-sea fish have luminous organs used to attract prey. Females of the genus Linophryne bear barbels containing luminous organs in addition to an escal light organ attached to the head. In L. arborifera, the top light organ has been likened to a pearl onion and contains luminous bacteria. The barbels, which look like seaweed fronds, do not contain bacteria but complex paracrystalline photogenic granules. The esca is ectodermal in origin whereas the barbel organs may be derived from the mesoderm.[7]

References
  1. Tim Flannery and Peter Schouten, Astonishing Animals: Extraordinary Creatures and the Fantastic Worlds They Inhabit. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2004. Page 192.
  2. Pietsch, TW, Dimorphism, parasitism, and sex revisited: modes of reproduction among deep-sea ceratioid anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes), Ichthyol Res (2005) 52: 207–236
  3. Anderson, ME, Leslie RW, Review of the deep-sea anglerfishes (lophiiformes: ceratioidei) of southern Africa. Ichthyological Bulletin 70-:1-32, 2001. read online
  4. Pietsch, TW, Dimorphism, parasitism, and sex revisited: modes of reproduction among deep-sea ceratioid anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes), Ichthyol Res (2005) 52: 207–236
  5. Munk, O, Bertelsen, E, Histology of the attachment between the parasitic male and the female in the deep-sea anglerfish Haplophryne mollis (Brauer, 1902) (Pisces, Ceratioidei). Vidensk. Meddr. Dansk Naturh. Foren., 144: 49-74, 1983
  6. Pietsch, TW, Dimorphism, parasitism, and sex revisited: modes of reproduction among deep-sea ceratioid anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes), Ichthyol Res (2005) 52: 207–236
  7. Hansen, K., Herring, P. Dual bioluminescent systems in the anglerfish genus Linophryne (Pisces: Ceratioidea). Journal of Zoology, 182(1):103-124, 1977
  • "Linophryne arborifera". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 18 April 2006.
  • Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Linophryne arborifera" in FishBase. January 2006 version.
  • Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand, (William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982) ISBN 0-00-216987-8
  • Frogfish page on anglerfish, including linophryne arborifera
  • 2002 article in Microbiology Today on bioluminescence in marine animals
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