List of African-American women in STEM fields

The following is a list of notable African-American women who have made contributions to the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

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An excerpt from a 1998 issue of Black Issues in Higher Education by Juliane Malveaux reads: "There are other reasons to be concerned about the paucity of African American women in science, especially as scientific occupations are among the most pivotal and highly compensated in the occupational spectrum. Yet, both leaks in the pipeline and gender stereotyping contribute to the under-representation of African American women in the sciences.

Organizations like Dr. Shirley McBay's Quality Education for Minorities (QEM) have done significant work in creating a climate that encourages success in math, science, and engineering for minority students. Yet, efforts like this struggle for funding in an atmosphere that is hostile to affirmative action and to targeted educational opportunities. The evidence to support targeting, though, is in the gaps revealed by the data. Too many gaps reflect the relative absence of sisters in science.

Yet, women like Jemison, Jackson, and McBay offer stellar and motivational examples of what can be done in science careers. These sisters in science are true pioneers, women who make it possible for so many others to see work in science as an option for African American women[1]."

A
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Rediet Abebecomputer scientist1991-First female computer scientist to be appointed to the Harvard Society of Fellows
Lilia Ann Abronchemical engineering, environmental engineering1945-First African-American woman to earn a PhD in chemical engineering
Claudia Alexandergeophysics, planetary science1959-2015Project manager for NASA's Galileo mission and Rosetta mission
Gloria Long Andersonchemistry1938-Pioneer of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, known for work with fluorine-19 and solid rocket propellants
Treena Livingston Arinzehbiomedical engineering1970-Researcher of adult stem-cell therapy
Estella AtekwanaBiogeophysics; tectonphysics1961-Dean of the College of Earth, Ocean and Environment at the University of Delaware
Balanda Atiscosmetic scienceCosmetic chemist at L'Oréal USA who expanded range of cosmetics available for people of color
Donna Augustebusinesswoman, computer scientist1958-Senior engineering manager for the Newton personal digital assistant (PDA)
Wanda Austinaerospace engineering1954-Former president and CEO of The Aerospace Corporation

B
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
June Bacon-Berceymeteorology1932-Believed to be the first African-American woman to gain a degree in meteorology and known to be the first African-American woman to be a televised meteorologist.
Erica Bakersoftware engineer2006-Engineer and engineering manager in the San Francisco Bay Area, known for her outspoken support of diversity and inclusion.
Alice Augusta Ballchemistry1892-1916First woman and African-American to receive a master's degree from the University of Hawaii
Patricia Bathophthalmologist, inventor1942-2019Pioneered laser surgery to remove cataracts
Regina Benjaminphysician1956-18th Surgeon General of the United States
Angela Bentoninternet entrepreneur1981-Founder of NewME, Streamlytics, and Black Web 2.0
Matilene Berrymanoceanographer, lawyer1920-2003Professor of marine science at the University of the District of Columbia and textbook author
Sarah Booneinventor1832-1904Second African-American woman to attain a U.S. patent
Sylvia D. Trimble Bozemanmathematician1947-Researcher of functional analysis and image processing, member of Obama's Presidential Committee on the National Medal of Science, founder of Enhancing Diversity in Graduate Education
Carolyn Brooksmicrobiologist1947-Researcher in immunology, nutrition, and crop productivity
Dorothy Lavinia Brownsurgeon1919-2004First African American female appointed to a general surgery residency in the racially segregated South. [2]
Marjorie Lee Brownmathematician1914-1979Third African-American woman to receive a PhD in mathematics
Kimberly Bryantelectrical engineer1967-Founder of Black Girls Code
Joy Buolamwinicomputer scientist1989-Founder of Algorithmic Justice League; Rhodes Scholar, Fulbright fellow, Stamps Scholar, Astronaut Scholar and Anita Borg Institute scholar
Ursula Burnsengineer, CEO1958-CEO of Xerox; first black woman to be a CEO of a Fortune 500 company and the first woman to succeed another as head of a Fortune 500 company

C
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Alexa Canadyneuroscience1950-First black woman to become a neurosurgeon
Carolyn Cannon-Alfredpharmacologist1934-1987Professor and co-author of Medical Handbook for the Layman
Majora Carterdeveloper, activist1966-Founder of Sustainable South Bronx
Gloria Chisumexperimental psychologist1930-Developed eye protection for pilots; first African-American woman to join the University of Pennsylvania Board of Trustees
Mamie Phipps Clarksocial psychologist1917-1983Researched self-esteem and self-concept in African-American children, which was used in 1954 civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas [3]
May Edward Chinnphysician1896-1980First African-American woman to graduate from NYU School of Medicine, first African-American woman to intern at Harlem Hospital
Yvonne Clarkengineer1929-2019first woman to get a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering at Howard University, the first woman to earn a master's degree in Engineering Management from Vanderbilt University, and the first woman to serve as a faculty member in the College of Engineering and Technology at Tennessee State University
Jewel Plummer Cobbbiologist, profesor1924-2017Researched melanoma
Johnnetta Coleanthropologist, educator and museum director1936-Spelman College's seventh president and the first Black woman to lead the institution [1]
Rebecca Colephysician1846-1922Second African-American woman physician
Bessie Colemanaviator1896–1926First African American and Native American woman to hold a pilot license[3]
Betty Colletteveterinary pathologist1930-2017Sole African-American pathology researcher at Georgetown University School of Medicine in the 1950s
Margaret S. Collinszoologist1922-1996First African American female entomologist and the third African American female zoologist
Carol Blanche Cottonpsychologist1904-1971Researched cognitive ability in children diagnosed with spastic paralysis
Patricia S. Cowingsaerospace psychophysiologist1948-First African American woman scientist to be trained as an astronaut by NASA
Rebecca Lee Crumplerphysician1831–1895First African-American woman to become a physician in the United States

D
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Marie Maynard Dalybiochemist1921–2003First African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry
Theda Daniels-Race nanoengineering, electronic engineering Michael B. Voorhies Distinguished Professor in the Division of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Louisiana State University, 19th African American woman to obtain a PhD in a physics-related field in the US [4]
Christine Dardenaerospace engineer1942-Researcher at NASA who pioneered the design of supersonic aircraft [3]
Geraldine Claudette Dardenmathematician1936-????14th African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics
Mary Decongemathematician1933-????15th African-American woman to earn her Ph.D. in mathematics
Giovonnae Denniselectrical engineerOne of the first African-American women to earn a Ph.D. in electrical engineering, and one of the few at a primarily white institution rather than a historically black institution (HBCU); Founded Software Tailoring
Helen Octavia Dickensphysician1909–2001First African-American woman to be admitted to the American College of Surgeons
Georgia Mae DunstonHuman Geneticist1944-Professor at Howard University and founder of the National Human Genome Center

E
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Annie Easleymathematician and rocket scientist1933–2011Leading member of the software development team for the Centaur rocket stage, and one of the first African-Americans to work at NASA
Cecile H. Edwardsnutritionist1926–2005Researcher focused on improving nutrition and well-being of disadvantaged people
Joycelyn Elderspediatrician1933-Second woman, second person of color, and first African American to serve as Surgeon General
Lola Eniola-Adefesochemical engineerCo-founder and chief scientific officer of Asalyxa Bio, researcher of biocompatible functional particles for targeted drug delivery
Anna Eppsmicrobiologist1930-first female dean of the School of Medicine at Meharry Medical College, possibly the first African-American woman with a PhD to lead a medical school
Jeanette J. Eppsastronaut and aerospace engineer1970-Second woman and first African-American woman to have participated in CAVES
Aprille Ericsson-Jacksonaerospace engineer1963- First African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from Howard University and the first African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in Engineering at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center
Brittney Exlinesoftware engineerYoungest African-American female to be accepted into an Ivy League school, at 15; United States' youngest African-American engineer[5]
Cassandra Extavour evolutionary biologist Director of EDEN, a national research collaborative encouraging use of non- Drosophila model organisms [6]

F
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Etta Zuber Falconermathematician1933-2002One of the earlier African-American women to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics
Angella D. Fergusonpediatrician1925-????Pioneer researcher of sickle cell disease, created the blood test which is still used as the standard for sickle cell detection at birth
Evelyn J. Fieldsoceanographer1949-????Fields was the first woman, and first African American to head the NOAA Corps, first woman and first African American to command a NOAA ship, and the first woman to command a ship in the United States uniformed services for an extended assignment
Njema Fraziernuclear physicist1974-????Nuclear physicist as National Nuclear Security Administration, former staff member for the Committee on Science at the U.S. House of Representatives
A. Oveta Fullervirologist1955-2022Researcher who signifigantly advanced knowledge of Herpes simplex virus

G
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Timnit Gebrucomputer scientist1983-Founder of the Distributed Artificial Intelligence Research Institute (DAIR), researcher of algorithmic bias and data mining
Gloria Ford Gilmermathematician1928-2021First African American woman to publish a non-PhD thesis
Sarah E. Goodeinventor1855–1905One of the first known African American women to receive a United States patent
Evelyn Boyd Granvillemathematician, computer science1924-2023Performed pioneering work in the field of computing
Bettye Washington Greenechemist1935-1995First African American female Ph.D. chemist to work in a professional position at the Dow Chemical Company, considered an early African American pioneer in science
Eliza Ann Grierphysician1864–1902First African American woman licensed to practice medicine in the U.S. state of Georgia
Margaret Grigsbyphysician1923-2009First African American woman to become a fellow of the American College of Physicians and the first woman to preside over a major medical division at Howard University Hospital
Bessie Blount Griffinphysical therapist, inventor1914–2009Holder of multiple patents for assistive devices for amputees, including the first electric device for self-feeding

H
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Sossina M. Hailematerials scientist1966-Developed the first solid acid fuel cells
Betty Harrischemist1940-Patented a spot test for detecting TATB in the field, still used by the Federal Department of Homeland Security to screen for nitroaromatic explosives
Paula T. Hammond Chemical Engineer 1963- Koch Professor of Engineering, Department Head of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, MIT
Mary Styles Harrisgeneticist1949-one of the first African Americans to enroll at Miami Jackson High School; one of the first women to enroll at Lincoln University; founder of BioTechnical Communications
Alma Levant Haydenchemist1927-1967 one of the first African-American women to gain a scientist position at a science agency (The NIH) in Washington, D.C.; may have been the first African-American scientist at the FDA; led the team that exposed the common substance in Krebiozen
Euphemia Lofton Haynesmathematician1890-1980First African-American woman to earn a PhD in Mathematics
Ruby Puryear Hearnbiophysicist1940-Researcher and advocate for maternal, infant, and child health; AIDS; substance abuse; and minority medical education
Gloria Conyers Hewittmathematician1935-4th African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics; first African American woman to chair a math department in the United States
Mary Elliott Hillchemist1907-1969 Believed to be one of the first African-American women to be awarded with a master's degree in chemistry
Stephanie HillengineerVice president and general manager of Lockheed Martin's Information Systems & Global Solutions[7]
Jane Hintonveterinarian1919-2003pioneer in the study of bacterial antibiotic resistance and one of the first two African-American women to gain the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine; co-developed the Mueller–Hinton agar
Esther A. H. Hopkinschemist, lawyer1926-2021Best known for her career as a biophysicist and research chemist at American Cyanamid along with research in the Polaroid Corp Emulsion Coating and Analysis Laboratory[8]
Ruth Winifred Howardpsychologist1900-1997One of the first African American women to earn a Ph.D. in Psychology
Fern Huntmathematician1948-Leader in applied mathematics and mathematical biology research
Yasmin HurdneuroscientistResearcher of neurological effects of cannabis and heroin

I
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Jedidah IslerastrophysicistFirst African-American woman to complete her PhD in astrophysics at Yale; member of Joe Biden's presidential transition Agency Review Team; founder of Vanguard: Conversations with Women of Color in STEM (VanguardSTEM)
Nia Imaraastrophysicist and artistFirst African-American woman to earn a PhD in astrophysics at the University of California, Berkeley

J
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Deborah J. Jacksonaeronautical engineerFirst African American woman to receive a Ph.D. in physics from Stanford University
Fatimah Jacksonbiological anthropologistResearcher of human-plant co-evolution and anthropological genetics; first African-American to receive the Charles R. Darwin Lifetime Achievement Award
Shirley Ann Jacksonphysicist1946-President of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; first African-American woman to have earned a doctorate at MIT; second African-American woman in the United States to earn a doctorate in physics
Chavonda Jacobs-Youngpaper scientist1967-First African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in paper science
Mae Jemisonastronaut and physician1956-First African American woman to travel in space[9]
Allene Johnsonchemist1933–Educational advisor for the New Jersey American Chemical Society[10]
Ashanti Johnsongeochemist and oceanographerFirst African American to earn a doctoral degree in oceanography from Texas A&M University
Katherine Johnsonmathematician1918-2020calculated the trajectories for many NASA missions, including Apollo 11; one of the first African-American women to work as a NASA scientist
Tracy L. Johnsonmolecular and cell biologistResearcher of gene regulation, chromatin modification, RNA splicing
Anna Johnson Juliansociologist1903-1994First African-American woman awarded a PhD in sociology by the University of Pennsylvania
Lynda Marie Jordanbiochemist1956–Third Black woman to receive a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology[11]
Angie Jones computer scientist, software engineer and automation architect Software engineer with 26 patents in the United States and China

K
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Sinah Estelle Kelleychemist1916-1982Worked on mass production of penicillin[12]
Mary Beatrice Davidson Kennerinventor1912-2006Holder of five patents, including the adjustable sanitary belt[13]
Angie Turner Kingchemist and mathematician1905–2004Professor of chemistry and mathematics at West Virginia State College[14]
Reatha Kingchemistry 1938- Former vice president of the General Mills Corporation; the former president, executive director, and chairman of the board of trustees of the General Mills Foundation
Ruth G. KingEducational psychologist1933- First woman president of the Association of Black Psychologists[15]

L
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Margaret Morgan Lawrencepediatric psychiatrist1914–2019Researched negative psychological effects of segregation on Black children[16]
Katheryn Emanuel Lawsonradiochemist1926–2008One of the first few female African American chemists who worked in Sandia National Laboratories[17]
Lillian Burwell Lewiszoolologist1904-1987First African-American woman to receive a doctorate degree from the University of Chicago
Chekesha Liddellmaterial science and engineeringResearcher of colloidal materials, and the relationship between micron and submicron length scales
Ruth Smith Lloydanatomist1917-1995First African-American to earn a PhD in anatomy
Farah LubinNeuroscientistProminent researcher of epigenetic mechanisms underlying cognition
Irene Longaerospace medicine 1951-2020First female chief medical officer at the Kennedy Space Center
Beebe Steven Lynkchemist1872–1948Professor of medical Latin botany and materia medica at the University of West Tennessee[18]

M
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Shirley M. Malcomscience administrator1946-head of education and human resources programs at AAAS[19]
Harriet Marblepharmacist1885-1966Early African-American woman pharmacist and the first in Kentucky
Cora Bagley Marrettsociologist, science administrator1942-Deputy director of the National Science Foundation[20]
Pamela McCauley-BushEngineerFirst African-American woman granted an engineering Ph.D. in the state of Oklahoma; U.S. Fulbright Scholar[21][22]
Dorothy McClendonmicrobiologist1924-2013Developed methods to protect stored goods, notably fuel, from degradation due to biological agents[23]
Linda C. Meade-Tollinbiochemist1944–First female chairperson of the National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers; may have been first Black woman to graduate from CUNY with a biochem PhD.[24]
Juanita MerchantphysiologistContributed to understanding of gastric response to chronic inflammation; chief of the University of Arizona Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; inaugural member of the NIH Council of Councils
Shireen Mitchellentrepreneur, author, technology analyst and diversity strategistFounder of Digital Sisters/Sistas, Inc and Stop Online Violence Against Women
Ruth Ella Moorebacteriology 1903–1994 first African-American woman with PhD in a natural science, department head at Howard University
Tanya MooremathematicianFounder of Infinite Possibilities Conference;[25]
Willie Hobbs Moore engineering, physics 1934–1994 first African American woman to receive a PhD in physics [26]

N
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Shelia Nash-StevensonPhysicist, integration engineerintegration engineer for the Planetary Programs Missions Office at Marshall Space Flight Center
Ann T. Nelmsnuclear physicist1929-Studied persistence of nuclear radioactivity which was cited in reports on nuclear fallout and human health
Lyda D. NewmanInventor1885-Patented novel durable hairbrush with synthetic bristles which is still used today

O
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Joan Murrell Owensmarine biologist1933-2011Described a new genus and three new species of button corals[27]

P
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Carolyn Parkermathematician, physicist 1917–1966 worked on the Dayton Project, the plutonium research and development arm of the Manhattan Project

first African-American woman known to have gained a postgraduate degree in physics
Jennie Patrickchemical engineering1949–one of the first African American women in the United States to earn a doctorate in traditional chemical engineering; pioneer in supercritical fluid extraction[28]
Hattie Scott Petersoncivil engineer 1913–1993 believed to be the first African-American woman to gain a bachelor's degree in civil engineering
Clarice Phelpsnuclear chemist first African-American woman to help discover a chemical element (tennessine) [29]
Vivian W. Pinnpathologist1941-Director of the Office of Research on Women's Health at the National Institutes of Health (NIH)[30]
Chanda Prescod-Weinstein theoretical physicist, astrophysicist, cosmologist, writer 1982 - possibly first African-American woman to hold a faculty position in theoretical cosmology
Jessie Isabelle Priceveterinary microbiologist 1930-2015 isolated and reproduced the cause of the most common life-threatening disease in duck farming in the 1950s [31]
Sian ProctorAfrican American explorer, scientist, STEM communicator, and aspiring astronaut geology, sustainability and planetary science professor
Johnnie Hines Watts Prothrochemist1922–2009One of the first African American nutritionists and food scientists[32]

Q
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Lynnae Quickplanetary scientist, planetary geophysicist1984 -Ocean worlds Planetary Scientist at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; fifth African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in planetary science; first African American staff scientist in the history of the Smithsonian Institution's Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, where she worked from 2017 to 2019; Asteroid 2001 SV 291 was renamed Asteroid 37349 Lynnaequick in honor of her work modeling cryovolcanic eruptions and faculae formation on Ceres. First African American to receive the American Astronomical Society's Harold C. Urey Prize which is the highest honor for young planetary scientists and recognizes outstanding achievement in the field of planetary science by an early career researcher.

R
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Mary Logan Reddickneuroembryologist, biologist 1914 - 1966 possibly the first African-American woman scientist to receive a fellowship to study abroad, and the first female biology instructor at Morehouse College
Eslanda Goode Robesonchemist1896–1965first black head histological chemist of Surgical Pathology at New York-Presbyterian Hospital[33]
Gladys W. Royalchemist1926–2002One of the early African-American biochemists; part of one of the few African-American husband-and-wife teams in science[34]

S
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Antoinette Rodez Schieslerchemist1934 - 1996director of research at Villanova University
Lyndsey Scottcomputer programmer1984-lead iOS software engineer at NGO fundraiser Rallybound; first African American to sign an exclusive runway contract with Calvin Klein
Alberta Jones Seatonembryologist, biologist 1924-2014 One of the first African-American women awarded a doctorate in zoology, in Belgium in 1949.
Nashlie SephusArtificial intelligence engineerAI engineer, CTO of startup Partpic (acquired by Amazon) PhD from Georgia Institute of Technology, 2019 Ada Lovelace Award
Cheryl L. Shaverssemiconductor engineering and management1953-first African-American Undersecretary of Commerce for Science and Technology[35]
Mabel Keaton StaupersNursing administrator 1890 - 1989 Instrumental in implementing the desegregation of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps during WWII [36]
Susan McKinney Stewardpediatrician, homeopath 1847-1918the third African-American woman to earn a medical degree, and the first in New York state.
Moogega Cooper StrickerPlanetary protection engineer 1985-20?? NASA engineer working on Mars 2020 rover.
Thyrsa Frazier Svagermathematician 1930-1999 one of the first African-American women to receive a PhD in mathematics
Latanya Sweeneycomputer scientistcomputer scientist best known for work on k-anonymity

T
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Valerie Thomasphysicist and inventor1943-Inventor of the Illusion Transmitter
Overseer of NASA's Landsat program, international expert in Landsat data products
Lisette Titre-MontgomeryLisette Titre-MontgomeryGame Developer 1998- Art Director and Game Developer . Lisette has contributed to some of the industry's highest profile games, including Tiger Woods Golf, The Simpsons, Dante's Inferno, Dance Central 3, SIMS 4, South Park, and Transformers Age Of Extinction for Android and iOS. Her most recent project is Psychonauts 2 with Double Fine Productions. [25]
Margaret E. M. Tolbertchemist and science administrator1943-the first African American and the first woman in charge of a Department of Energy lab [37]
Rubye Prigmore Torreychemist1926–2017Known for developing a mechanism to decompose hydrogen sulfide, which earned her a place in Sigma Xi[38]

V
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Powtawche Valerinomechanical engineerFirst Native American to earn a PhD in engineering at Rice University

W
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Chelsea Waltonmathematician1983 –associate professor at Rice University and a Sloan Research Fellow
Dawn Wardsynthetic chemist1973 –Chemist creating molecules active against Hepatitis C virus [39]
Gladys Westmathematician1930 – work on satellite geodesy models used in GPS
Jessica Wareevolutionary biologist, entomologist. work on phylogenomics of insect evolution
Marguerite Williamsgeologist 1895 – 1991 the first African American to earn a doctorate in geology in the United States
Geraldine Pittman Woodsscience administrator1921–1999known for her lifelong dedication to community service and for establishing programs that promote minorities in STEM fields, scientific research, and basic research [40]
Dawn Wrightoceanographer, geographer1961-expert in seafloor mapping, marine geographic information systems[41][42]
Jane C. Wrightcancer researcher, surgeon 1919-2013 pioneering cancer researcher and surgeon noted for her contributions to chemotherapy


Y
Image Name Field(s) Dates Notes Ref.
Josephine Silone Yateschemist1859-1912one of the first black professors hired at Lincoln University; first black woman to head a college science department; may have been the first black woman to hold a full professorship at any U.S. college or university[43]
Roger Arliner Youngzoology1889-1964first Black woman to earn a Ph.D. in Zoology

See also

Further reading
  • Brown, Jeannette E. (2012). African American women chemists. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 143–150. ISBN 9780199742882.
  • Carey, Charles W. (2008). African Americans in science: an encyclopedia of people and progress. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 51–52. ISBN 9781851099986.
  • "STEM Equity Pipeline – Resources – Online Resources". NAPE – National Alliance for Partnerships in Equity. Archived from the original on 2015-02-22. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  • Rice, Delores. "The Career Experiences of African American Female Engineers" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-23. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  • Robelin, Erik W (2010-03-22). "Education Week: U.S. Gets Poor Grades in Nurturing STEM Diversity". Education Week. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  • Sullivan, Otha Richard (2002). African American women scientists and inventors. Black stars. New York: Wiley. ISBN 047138707X.
  • [44][45][46]

References
  1. "About Johnnetta B. Cole, Ph.D." Spelman College's Presidents Office about page. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  2. "Brown, Dorothy Lavinia (1919-2004)". BlackPast.org. 19 January 2015. Archived from the original on April 3, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
  3. Hine, Darlene Clark (2005). Black Women in American History. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 257. ISBN 9780195223743.
  4. "The Physicists – AAWIP". Retrieved 2020-07-13.
  5. Christian, Margena A. (2012-01-10). "Brittney Exline Becomes Nation's Youngest African-American Engineer". Careers & Finance – EBONY. Archived from the original on 2015-02-23. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  6. "Cassandra G. Extavour, Principal Investigator". Harvard University Extavour Lab. 2008. Archived from the original on 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2019-02-20.
  7. Corporation, Lockheed Martin. "Lockheed Martin's Stephanie C. Hill Named 2014 Black Engineer of the Year". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
  8. Brown, Jeannette E. (2012). African American women chemists. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 92–99. ISBN 9780199742882.
  9. Hine, Darlene Clarke (2005). Black Women in America. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 140. ISBN 9780195223750.
  10. Brown, Jeannette E. (2012). African American women chemists. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 56–60. ISBN 9780199742882.
  11. Brown, Jeannette E. (2012). African American women chemists. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 84–91. ISBN 9780199742882.
  12. Brown, Jeannette E. (2012). African American women chemists. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 108–111. ISBN 9780199742882.
  13. Sullivan, Otha Richard (2002). African American women scientists and inventors. Black stars. New York: Wiley. pp. 47–49. ISBN 047138707X.
  14. Brown, Jeannette E. (2012). African American women chemists. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 27–29. ISBN 9780199742882.
  15. "About ABPsi - History". www.abpsi.org. The Association of Black Psychologists (ABPsi). Archived from the original on 15 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  16. Carey, Charles W. (2008). African Americans in science: an encyclopedia of people and progress. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 142–144. ISBN 9781851099986.
  17. Brown, Jeannette E. (2012). African American women chemists. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 111–114. ISBN 9780199742882.
  18. Brown, Jeannette E. (2012). African American women chemists. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 18–19. ISBN 9780199742882.
  19. Carey, Charles W. (2008). African Americans in science: an encyclopedia of people and progress. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 150–152. ISBN 9781851099986.
  20. "Cora Bagley Marrett". National Academy of Sciences, African American History Program. Archived from the original on 2015-02-24. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
  21. "UCF's McCauley-Bush is Engineering Role Model for Black History Month". UCF Today – Orlando, FL. 22 February 2013. Archived from the original on 2015-02-23. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  22. "UCF Engineering Professor Pamela McCauley Bush Among Top Women in Technology Recognized by Connected World Magazine". 2014-03-24. Archived from the original on 2015-03-18. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  23. "Famous African American Women in STEM" (PDF). NAPE – National Alliance for Partnerships in Equity. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-24. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  24. Brown, Jeannette E. (2012). African American women chemists. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 74–83. ISBN 9780199742882.
  25. Talbert, Marcia Wade (2011-03-01). "Women In STEM – Black Enterprise". Archived from the original on 2015-02-23. Retrieved 2015-02-23.
  26. Mickens, Ronald E. (2002). Edward Bouchet : the first African-American doctorate. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-4909-0. OCLC 191532647.
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