List of Caloplaca species

This is a list of species in the lichen genus Caloplaca. Although there were estimated to be more than 500 species in 2008,[1] the family Teloschistaceae has undergone major revisions since then. Several molecular phylogenetic studies have been published that have established a phylogenetic framework to more appropriately classify lichens that were previously grouped in Caloplaca.[2][3][4][5] As of December 2021, Species Fungorum accepts 202 species of Caloplaca.[6]

A

  • Caloplaca abbreviata Malme (1932)
  • Caloplaca abuensis Y.Joshi & Upreti (2008)
  • Caloplaca adnexa Vězda (1977)
  • Caloplaca agrata (Vain.) Zahlbr. (1930)
  • Caloplaca ahtii Søchting (1994)
  • Caloplaca akbarica Kudratov & Khodos. (2002)
  • Caloplaca albopruinosa (Arnold) H.Olivier (1909)
  • Caloplaca albovariegata (B.de Lesd.) Wetmore (1995)
  • Caloplaca alcarum Poelt (1954)
  • Caloplaca aliciae S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt & Elix (2007)
  • Caloplaca allanii Zahlbr. (1934)
  • Caloplaca almbornii Kärnefelt (1987)
  • Caloplaca amsterdamensis Aptroot & Ertz (2011)
  • Caloplaca anularis Clauzade & Poelt (1972)
  • Caloplaca arandensis Elix, S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2010)
  • Caloplaca archeri Kalb, S.Y.Kondr., Elix & Kärnefelt (2010)
  • Caloplaca areolata (Zahlbr.) Clauzade (1963)
  • Caloplaca aseptatospora S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2009)
  • Caloplaca astonii S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2007)
  • Caloplaca atroalba (Tuck.) Zahlbr. (1930)
  • Caloplaca atrosanguinea (G.Merr.) I.M.Lamb (1954)
  • Caloplaca aurea (Schaer.) Zahlbr. (1890)
  • Caloplaca austroatlantica Øvstedal (2010)
  • Caloplaca austromaritima Aptroot, Gumboski, M.Cáceres & Schumm (2019)

B

  • Caloplaca bartlettii S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2009)
  • Caloplaca baueri (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. (1927)
  • Caloplaca beaugleholei S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2009)
  • Caloplaca begaensis S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2009)
  • Caloplaca bellemerei Hafellner (1983)
  • Caloplaca bispora Kalb (2001)
  • Caloplaca blastidiomaritima Aptroot, Gumboski, M.Cáceres & Schumm (2019)
  • Caloplaca boergesenii (Vain.) Zahlbr. (1930)
  • Caloplaca borreri J.R.Laundon (2005)
  • Caloplaca brittonii (Zahlbr.) Aptroot (2019)
  • Caloplaca brunneola Wetmore (1995)
  • Caloplaca bullata (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. (1930)
  • Caloplaca byrsonimae (Malme) Zahlbr. (1930)

C

  • Caloplaca caesiorufa (Ach.) Flagey (1895)
  • Caloplaca caesiorufella (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1930)
  • Caloplaca calicioides P.M.Jørg. (1986)
  • Caloplaca cerina (Hedw.) Th.Fr. (1861)
  • Caloplaca chlorina (Flot.) Sandst. (1912)
  • Caloplaca cinnamomea (Th.Fr.) H.Olivier (1909)
  • Caloplaca clauzadeana (Gaya) Nav.-Ros. & Cl.Roux (2009)
  • Caloplaca clavatoisidiata S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt & Vondrák (2009)
  • Caloplaca clavigera (Stirt.) Zahlbr. (1930)
  • Caloplaca coaddita (Nyl.) T.Okamoto (2004)
  • Caloplaca coeruleofrigida Søchting & Seppelt (2003)
  • Caloplaca concilians (Nyl.) H.Olivier (1909)
  • Caloplaca conjungens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1930)
  • Caloplaca conranii S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2007)
  • Caloplaca coreana S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2012)
  • Caloplaca craggyensis S.Y.Kondr., Elix & Kärnefelt (2010)
  • Caloplaca cravensis (Clauzade & Wunder) Cl.Roux (2014)
  • Caloplaca crocea (Kremp.) Hafellner & Poelt (1979)
  • Caloplaca crocina (Kremp.) Wilk & R.Vargas (2017)
  • Caloplaca crozetica Zahlbr. (1906)
  • Caloplaca cupulifera (Vain.) Zahlbr. (1931)

D

  • Caloplaca depauperata (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. (1906)
  • Caloplaca diphasia (Tuck.) Wetmore (1995)
  • Caloplaca dorrigoensis S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2009)
  • Caloplaca dzhankoiensis S.Y.Kondr. (2013)

E

  • Caloplaca elaeophora (E.S.Hansen, Poelt & Søchting) Alstrup & E.S.Hansen (2001)
  • Caloplaca elixii S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2004)
  • Caloplaca elvebakkiana Søchting, Lorentsen & Arup (2008)
  • Caloplaca endodermia Wetmore (1999)
  • Caloplaca epiborya S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2007)
  • Caloplaca epibrya Kantvilas & Søchting (2013)
  • Caloplaca epiphora (Taylor) C.W.Dodge (1971)
  • Caloplaca erythrocarpa (Pers.) Zwackh (1862)
  • Caloplaca eugyra (Tuck.) Zahlbr. (1931)

F

  • Caloplaca festivella (Nyl.) Kieff. (1895)
  • Caloplaca feuereri S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt & A.Thell (2009)
  • Caloplaca filsonii Hafellner, S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2007)
  • Caloplaca filsoniorum S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt & Elix (2009)
  • Caloplaca fissurata Wetmore (2009)
  • Caloplaca floridana (Tuck.) S.C.Tucker (1979)
  • Caloplaca fraserensis S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2009)
  • Caloplaca fulva (Schwein.) Halsey (1824)

G

  • Caloplaca gambiensis Aptroot (2001)
  • Caloplaca granularis (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. (1930)
  • Caloplaca gyalectoides S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2002)
  • Caloplaca gypsicola V.Wirth & S.Y.Kondr. (2010)
  • Caloplaca gyrophorica Jagad.Ram, Y.Joshi & G.P.Sinha (2013)

H

  • Caloplaca haematites (Chaub. ex St.-Amans) Zwackh (1862)
  • Caloplaca haematodes (A.Massal.) Zahlbr. (1930)
  • Caloplaca haematommona Elix & S.Y.Kondr. (2007)
  • Caloplaca hafellneri S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2009)
  • Caloplaca hakkodensis (Räsänen) T.Okamoto (2004)
  • Caloplaca hallasanensis S.Y.Kondr., S.O.Oh & Hur (2013)
  • Caloplaca hanneshertelii S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2004)
  • Caloplaca herbidella (Hue) H.Magn. (1932)
  • Caloplaca hexaspora (Hue) T.Okamoto (2004)
  • Caloplaca himalayana Y.Joshi & Upreti (2009)
  • Caloplaca hopetounensis S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2009)
  • Caloplaca hueana B.de Lesd. (1914)

I

  • Caloplaca ignea Arup (1995)
  • Caloplaca inclinans (Stirt.) Hellb. (1896)
  • Caloplaca indica Y.Joshi, Jagad. Ram & G.P.Sinha (2014)
  • Caloplaca irrubescens (Arnold) Zahlbr. (1898)
  • Caloplaca isidiosa (Vain.) Zahlbr. 1931)
  • Caloplaca isidiosella (Cromb.) R.Sant. 1987)
  • Caloplaca isidiosissimus Breuss (2001)[7] – Costa Rica
  • Caloplaca itiana Cl.Roux, M.Boulanger & Malle (2009)

J

  • Caloplaca jatolensis Y.Joshi & Upreti (2008)[8] – India
  • Caloplaca jemtlandica H.Magn. (1945)
  • Caloplaca johnwhinrayi S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2009)
  • Caloplaca juniperi Poelt & Hinter. (1993)

K

  • Caloplaca karadagensis Khodos. & S.Y.Kondr. (2003)
  • Caloplaca kashmirensis Y.Joshi & Upreti (2008)
  • Caloplaca kedrovopadensis S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2014)
  • Caloplaca kiewkaensis Yakovcz., Galanina & S.Y.Kondr. (2011)
  • Caloplaca kurzii (Kremp.) Zahlbr. (1930)

L

  • Caloplaca lactea A.Massal.) Zahlbr. (1901)
  • Caloplaca lagunensis Wetmore (1999)
  • Caloplaca lecanorae Seavey & J.Seavey (2012)
  • Caloplaca lecanorocarpa Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016)
  • Caloplaca lecanoroides Lendemer (2010)
  • Caloplaca lecapustulata Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2016)
  • Caloplaca leptozona (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1930)
  • Caloplaca letrouitioides S.Y. Kondr., Elix & Kärnefelt (2011)
  • Caloplaca lignicola Wetmore (2009)
  • Caloplaca lithophila H.Magn. (1946)
  • Caloplaca litoricola Brodo (1984)
  • Caloplaca littorea Tav. (1956)
  • Caloplaca lucy-beatrice-mooreae Zahlbr. (1941)
  • Caloplaca lypera Poelt & Hinter. (1993)

M

Caloplaca maculata
  • Caloplaca macquariensis C.W.Dodge (1968)
  • Caloplaca maculata D.J.Galloway (2004)
  • Caloplaca magellanica Søchting & Sancho (2012)
  • Caloplaca magnetensis S.Y.Kondr., Elix, Kärnefelt & Kalb (2009)
  • Caloplaca magni-filii Poelt (1958)
  • Caloplaca magnussoniana S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt & A.Thell (2011)[9]
  • Caloplaca mallacootensis S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2013)
  • Caloplaca marchantiorum S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2009)
  • Caloplaca megalariicola Øvstedal (2012)[10]Falkland Islands
  • Caloplaca michoacanensis Wetmore (2009)
  • Caloplaca microloba (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. (1931)
  • Caloplaca microthallina Wedd. (1875)
  • Caloplaca monacensis (Leder.) Lettau (1912)
  • Caloplaca montenegrensis S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2013)
  • Caloplaca murrayi D.J.Galloway (2004)

N

  • Caloplaca nana (Gaya) Nav.-Ros. & Cl.Roux (2009)
  • Caloplaca neotropica Wetmore (1995)
  • Caloplaca nigra Bungartz & Søchting (2020)[11]
  • Caloplaca nigrocarpa Pérez-Vargas & Hern.-Padr. (2014)
  • Caloplaca norfolkensis Elix, S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2009)
  • Caloplaca nothocitrina S.Y.Kondr. et J.-S.Hur (2020)[12] – Chile
  • Caloplaca nothoholocarpa S.Y.Kondr. et J.-S.Hur (2020)[12] – Chile
  • Caloplaca nuraki S.Y.Kondr. & Kudratov (2003)

O

Caloplaca ochracea
  • Caloplaca obamae K.Knudsen (2009)
  • Caloplaca obesimarginata Søchting (2004)
  • Caloplaca obscurella (J.Lahm ex Körb.) Th.Fr. (1871)
  • Caloplaca ochracea (Schaer.) Flagey (1886)
  • Caloplaca ochrochroa (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. (1930)
  • Caloplaca ochrolechioides S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2011)
  • Caloplaca ochroleuca (Müll.Arg.) S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2009)
  • Caloplaca orloviana S.Y.Kondr. (2020)

P

  • Caloplaca pacifica Wetmore (2009)
  • Caloplaca papanui D.J.Galloway (2004)
  • Caloplaca parvula Wetmore (1995)
  • Caloplaca patagoniensis S.Y.Kondr., S.-O.Oh & J.-S.Hur (2020)[12] – Chile
  • Caloplaca patwolseleyae S.Y.Kondr., Jayalal & Hur (2016)
  • Caloplaca pellodella (Nyl.) Hasse (1913)
  • Caloplaca phaeantha (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1931)
  • Caloplaca phaeocincta S.Y.Kondr. & Elix (2011)
  • Caloplaca pinicola H.Magn. (1953)
  • Caloplaca piscatorica Kantvilas & S.Y.Kondr. (2013)
  • Caloplaca pseudisteroides Y.Joshi & Upreti (2008)[8] – India
  • Caloplaca pseudocitrina Khodos. & Kudratov (2002)
  • Caloplaca pseudofulgensia Gaya & Nav.-Ros. (2009)
  • Caloplaca psoromatis Olech & Søchting (1993)
  • Caloplaca pulicarioides Aptroot (1999)
  • Caloplaca pygmaea Wetmore (1999)

Q

  • Caloplaca queenslandica Kalb, S.Y.Kondr., Elix & Kärnefelt (2010)

R

  • Caloplaca raesaenenii Bredkina (1986)
  • Caloplaca rexii S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2013)
  • Caloplaca rinodinae-albae Poelt & Nimis (1987)
  • Caloplaca rossii S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2013)
  • Caloplaca rubelliana (Ach.) Lojka (1876)
  • Caloplaca rubens (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. (1930)
  • Caloplaca rubentior (Zahlbr.) D.J.Galloway (2004)
  • Caloplaca ruderum (Malbr.) J.R.Laundon (1976)

S

Caloplaca sideritis
  • Caloplaca sarcopidoides (Körb.) Zahlbr. (1901)
  • Caloplaca saviczii I.V.Frolov, Himelbrant, Stepanchikova, Konoreva & S.Chesnokov (2021)[13]
  • Caloplaca schisticola D.J.Galloway (2004)
  • Caloplaca schoeferi Poelt (1955)
  • Caloplaca schisticola D.J.Galloway (2004)
  • Caloplaca schwarzii (F.Schumm & S.Y.Kondr.) Aptroot & Schumm (2019)
  • Caloplaca scolecomarginata Søchting & Olech (2000)
  • Caloplaca sconensis S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt & A.Thell (2011)
  • Caloplaca seawardii S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt & A.Thell (2009)
  • Caloplaca sideritis (Tuck.) Zahlbr. (1911)
  • Caloplaca sipmanii S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt, Elix & Vondrák (2009)
  • Caloplaca sol Orange (2017)
  • Caloplaca sonorae Wetmore (1996)
  • Caloplaca soredians (Müll.Arg.) Elix, S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2009)
  • Caloplaca squamuloisidiata van den Boom & V.J.Rico (2006)
  • Caloplaca stanfordensis H.Magn. (1944)
  • Caloplaca sterilis Šoun, Khodos. & Vondrák (2011)
  • Caloplaca stewartensis S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2009)
  • Caloplaca streimannii S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2007)
  • Caloplaca subalpina Vondrák, Šoun & Palice (2008)
  • Caloplaca subbassiae Y.Joshi & Upreti (2008)
  • Caloplaca subconcilians S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Hur (2013)
  • Caloplaca subleptozona Y.Joshi & Upreti (2008)[8] – India
  • Caloplaca subochrochroa S.Y.Kondr. & V.Wirth (2010)
  • Caloplaca subpoliotera Y.Joshi & Upreti (2008)
  • Caloplaca subrubelliana (Vain.) Aptroot (2002)
  • Caloplaca subsaxicola S.Y.Kondr., Elix & Kärnefelt (2010)
  • Caloplaca subscopularis (Arup & Frisch) S.Y.Kondr. (2013)
  • Caloplaca subsquamosa (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. (1931)
  • Caloplaca subunicolor (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1931)

T

  • Caloplaca teicholyta (Ach.) J.Steiner (1895)
  • Caloplaca tephromelae Kantvilas, Suija & Motiej. (2021)[14] – Australia
  • Caloplaca thracopontica Vondrák & Šoun (2008)
  • Caloplaca thuringiaca Søchting & Stordeur (2001)[15] – Europe
  • Caloplaca tibellii S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2009)
  • Caloplaca tomnashii S.Y.Kondr., Elix & Kärnefelt (2011)
  • Caloplaca tropica Y.Joshi & Upreti (2007)
  • Caloplaca turkuensis (Vain.) Zahlbr. (1932)

U

  • Caloplaca ulcerata Poelt & Hinter. (1993)
  • Caloplaca ulleungensis S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Hur (2020)[12] - South Korea
  • Caloplaca ulmorum (Fink) (Fink 1935)
  • Caloplaca umbrinofusca (Nyl.) H.Olivier (1909)
  • Caloplaca urceolata B.de Lesd. (1932)
  • Caloplaca ursina Lynge (1926)

V

  • Caloplaca vainioi Hafellner & Poelt (1979)
  • Caloplaca virescens (Sm.) Coppins (1980)
  • Caloplaca viridirufa (Ach.) Zahlbr. (1931)
  • Caloplaca vitellinaria Szatala (1956)
  • Caloplaca volkii V.Wirth & Vězda (1975)
  • Caloplaca vorukhica S.Y.Kondr. & Kudratov (2003)

W

  • Caloplaca wallabyensis Elix, S.Y.Kondr. & Kärnefelt (2010)
  • Caloplaca wasseri Khodos. & S.Y.Kondr. (2007)
  • Caloplaca wesselsii S.Y.Kondr. & V.Wirth (2010)
  • Caloplaca wrightii (Tuck.) Fink (1935)

X

  • Caloplaca xanthobola (Kremp.) Zahlbr. (1931)
  • Caloplaca xanthopa (Hue) Zahlbr. (1931)
  • Caloplaca xerica Poelt & Vězda (1975)
  • Caloplaca xochitepea B.de Lesd. (1935)
  • Caloplaca xochitepecensis B.de Lesd. (1933)

Y

  • Caloplaca yammeraensis S.Y.Kondr., Kärnefelt & Elix (2009)
  • Caloplaca yeosuensis S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2017)

Z

  • Caloplaca zavattarii Sambo (1939)
  • Caloplaca zeorina B.G.Lee & Hur (2018)[16] – China

References

  1. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  2. Arup, Ulf; Søchting, Ulrik; Frödén, Patrik (2013). "A new taxonomy of the family Teloschistaceae". Nordic Journal of Botany. 31 (1): 016–083. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.00062.x.
  3. Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Jeong, M.-H.; Yu, N.-N.; Kärnefelt, I.; Thell, A.; Elix, J.A.; Kim, J.; Kondratiuk, A.S.; Hur, J.-S. (2014). "A revised taxonomy for the subfamily Caloplacoideae (Teloschistaceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular phylogeny". Acta Botanica Hungarica. 56 (1–2): 93–123. doi:10.1556/abot.56.2014.1-2.10.
  4. Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Upreti, D.K.; Nayaka, S.; Mishra, G.K.; Ravera, S.; Jeong, M.-H.; Jang, S.-H.; Park, J.S.; Hur, J.S. (2017). "New monophyletic branches of the Teloschistaceae (lichen-forming Ascomycota) proved by three gene phylogeny". Acta Botanica Hungarica. 59 (1–2): 71–136. doi:10.1556/034.59.2017.1-2.6. hdl:10447/414429.
  5. Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Farkas, E.; Kärnefelt, I.; Thell, A.; Yamamoto, Y.; Hur, J.-S. (2020). "Three new genera of the Teloschistaceae proved by three gene phylogeny" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 62 (1–2): 109–136. doi:10.1556/034.62.2020.1-2.7. S2CID 226056287.
  6. Source dataset. Species Fungorum Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+. "Caloplaca". Catalog of Life Version 2021-12-18. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  7. Breuss, O. (2001). "Flechten aus Costa Rica II". Linzer Biologische Beiträge (in German). 33 (2): 1025–1034.
  8. Joshi, Yogesh; Upreti, Dalip K.; Sati, Suresh C. (2008). "Three new species of Caloplaca from India". The Lichenologist. 40 (6): 535–541. doi:10.1017/s0024282908007652. S2CID 86231612.
  9. Lumbsch T, Ahti T, Altermann S, Arup U, Kärnefelt I, Thell A, et al. (2011). "One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 18 (1): 1–127. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.18.1.1.
  10. Fryday, Alan M.; Øvstedal, Dag O. (2012). "New species, combinations and records of lichenized fungi from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)". The Lichenologist. 44 (4): 483–500. doi:10.1017/s0024282912000163. S2CID 87490768.
  11. Bungartz, Frank; Søchting, Ulrik; Arup, Ulf (2020). "Teloschistaceae (lichenized Ascomycota) from the Galapagos Islands: a phylogenetic revision based on morphological, anatomical, chemical, and molecular data". Plant and Fungal Systematics. 65 (2): 515–576. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0030.
  12. Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Oh, S.-O.; Kondratiuk, T.O.; Parnikoza, I.Yu.; Hur, J.-S. (2020). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi, 11". Acta Botanica Hungarica. 62 (3–4): 225–291. doi:10.1556/034.62.2020.3-4.3.
  13. Frolov, Ivan V.; Vondrák, Jan; Konoreva, Liudmila A.; Chesnokov, Sergey V.; Himelbrant, Dmitry E.; Arup, Ulf; Stepanchikova, Irina S.; Prokopiev, Ilya A.; Yakovchenko, Lidia S.; Davydov, Evgeny A. (2021). "Three new species of crustose Teloschistaceae in Siberia and the Far East". The Lichenologist. 53 (3): 233–243. doi:10.1017/s0024282921000177. S2CID 235188785.
  14. Kantvilas, Gintaras; Suija, Ave; Motiejūnaitė, Jurga (2021). "Caloplaca tephromelae (Teloschistaceae), a new lichenicolous species from Tasmania". The Lichenologist. 53 (4): 317–325. doi:10.1017/s0024282921000207. S2CID 236502837.
  15. Søchting, Ulrik; Stordeur, Regine (2001). "Caloplaca thuringiaca sp. nov., a species from the Caloplaca holocarpa complex". The Lichenologist. 33 (6): 467–472. doi:10.1006/lich.2001.0359. S2CID 85590102.
  16. Lee, Beeyoung Gun; Kondratyuk, Sergij Y.; Halda, Josef P.; Lőkös, László; Wang, Hai-Ying; Jeong, Min Hye; Han, Sangkuk; Oh, Soon-Ok; Hur, Jae-Seoun (2018). "Three new species of lichenized fungi from Qinghai Province, China". Mycotaxon. 133 (1): 113–125. doi:10.5248/133.113.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.