Philippine English vocabulary
As a historical colony of the United States, the Philippine English lexicon shares most of its vocabulary from American English, but also has loanwords from native languages and Spanish, as well as some usages, coinages, and slang peculiar to the Philippines. Some Philippine English usages are borrowed from or shared with British or Commonwealth English, for various reasons. Due to the influence of the Spanish language, Philippine English also contains Spanish-derived terms, including Anglicizations, some resulting in false friends, such as "salvage". Philippine English also borrowed words from Philippine languages, especially native plant and animal names (e.g. ampalaya, balimbing), and cultural concepts with no exact English equivalents (e.g. kilig); some borrowings from Philippine languages have entered mainstream English, such as abaca and ylang-ylang.
Some terms are only used in some regions. Examples are bringhouse (bringing food home from fiestas), which is only used in the Visayas, and haggard (police on motorcycles), which is used only in Visayas and Mindanao.
Words with additional meanings in Philippine English
| Word/phrase | Philippine English meaning | Standard English meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| advanced | of a clock ahead of standard time | state-of-the-art | |
| area of responsibility | shorthand for Philippine Area of Responsibility in weather forecasting | geographical area for military operations | |
| artist | actor/actress | Anglicized from artista | |
| birdie | penis | little bird; golf score of one under par | Childish slang, popularized by the Parokya ni Edgar song "Don't Touch My Birdie". |
| bold | (adjective) implying or associated with pornography (as in bold film, and bold star); (noun) pornography | (adjective) courageous; brave | |
| brownout | blackout; power outage | sudden drop in voltage | Also used in Commonwealth English varieties.[1][2] |
| cabaret | strip club | live entertainment in a restaurant or nightclub | Also see nightclub below. |
| calling card | business card | name card | |
| cart trolley | a lightweight wheeled vehicle, as for shopping, serving, carrying baggage, etc. | ||
| certain | (particle) emphasis marker suggesting ambiguity or anonymity[3] | known, but not specifically named | |
| close | switch off (a light) | enable the flow of electricity through the switch | Also used in several non-native English varieties |
| comedy | practical joke | humorous act | |
| commute | to travel by public transportation | to travel between home and work | |
| crocodile | corrupt politician | genus of reptile | Originally referred to Philippine Constabulary officers, after the brown color of their uniform. |
| dialect | regional languages of the Philippines other than Filipino | regional variety of a language |
Compare French patois for the other languages of France and Italian dialetto for regional languages of Italy except protected minority languages. Also commonly referred to as mother tongues especially in education contexts. |
| drive-in | motel; motor inn | type of outdoor cinema; type of drive-thru restaurant where food is served by a carhop | |
| duster | simple sun dress | cleaning tool | |
| elimination round | group stage or regular season | single-elimination tournament or two-legged tie | Especially in basketball competitions. Preliminary round also used in football and volleyball. |
| entertain | to help or assist (in a corporate context e.g. "How can I entertain you?" for "How can I help you) | to amuse | |
| fiscal | public prosecutor; solicitor; attorney general | public official responsible for control of public revenue in some countries | Borrowed from Spanish fiscal. |
| gimmick | unplanned night out with friends | trick; ploy | |
| go up | get on a vehicle | get on (the bus/jeep) | |
| Handbrake | parking brake operated by a hand control, usually a lever | Shared with British English | |
| hump | a traffic calming tool | Shared with British English | |
| inhibition | (law) recusal | fear or embarrassment that prevents natural behavior; stoppage or retardation of a chemical reaction | |
| joint | a piece of meat for carving | Shared with British English | |
| junk shop | scrap dealer | store selling mostly used goods at cheap prices | Scrap dealer is also used as well. |
| life imprisonment | reclusion perpetua | life sentence | |
| malicious | implying sexually perverted behaviour | having bad or evil intent | Anglicization of malisyoso, from Spanish malicioso |
| maniac | pervert | someone suffering from manic behavior | From "sex maniac". |
| medical certificate | a statement from a physician or other health care provider that attests to the result of a medical examination of a patient | Shared with Malaysian English. | |
| middle name | maternal surname/last name or maiden name | second given name | From the adaptation of Filipino names using Spanish naming customs to the Western system of first name-middle name-last name. |
| motel | love hotel; no-tell motel; sex hotel | motorist's hotel | Also simply called or used in conjunction with "short-time". |
| nightclub | strip club | public or private establishment open at night to offer entertainment, food, drink, music, and dancing | |
| open | switch on (a light) | interrupt the flow of electricity through the switch | Also in non-native English varieties |
| receptionist | desk worker | ||
| rotunda | roundabout | circular building | From Spanish rotonda, via the Philippine languages. |
| rugby | contact cement; rubber cement | ball sport | Genericized trademark from the wood glue brand by Bostik. |
| sala | living room or courtroom | large hall or reception hall | Borrowed from Spanish via Philippine languages. |
| salvage | (noun) summary execution involving a person being killed by a gang in some locations and the cadaver thrown onto a large space such as a river, roadside or vacant land; (verb) to kill a person in a similar fashion | (noun) act of rescuing or retrieved | False friend from Spanish "salvaje" ("wild", via the form "salbahe" in Philippine languages), after the manner the victims are killed. |
| scandal | amateur pornography | controversy | Originally referred to celebrity sex tapes. |
| slang | (adjective) indicative of a foreign or strong English accent | (noun) extremely informal language | |
| spandrel | soffit | A triangular space between the top of an arch and a rectangular frame | Termed by the local construction industry to describe usually metal or corrugated plastic types of roof soffit.[4] |
| straightaway straight away | immediately | "right away" also used. | |
| subdivision | gated community or named residential area | parcel of land subdivided into lots | |
| tickler | small notebook that fits the pocket or pocket notebook | an object or a person that tickles | |
| tissue | paper napkin or toilet paper | absorbent paper; usually refers to facial tissue | |
| toga | graduation gown | ancient Roman garment; see also toga party | |
| tomboy | lesbian or trans man | boyish girl | The term is often associated with lesbians with masculine traits, while lesbians with feminine traits are regarded as heterosexual.[5] |
| tricycle | auto rickshaw using a motorcycle and sidecar rig | cycle with three wheels | In the Visayas, also used for pedicabs. |
| trip | vibe | journey | |
| trolley | makeshift handcar | (UK) cart; (US) streetcar | Also called skate in Bicol Region. |
| undersecretary | deputy or assistant secretary | deputy to assistant secretary | |
| viand | an item of food eaten with rice; rice topping or side dish | any food item, not usually with rice, or choice dish | The Philippine meaning is a misnomer. Usually used to translate Tagalog ulam. |
| village | gated community | small settlement | From its use in gated community names. |
Words, expressions or usages peculiar to Philippine English
| Word/phrase | English definition or equivalents understood in most English varieties | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| American Americano | white or Caucasian person | The shortened term "kano" is more commonly used, from Americano | |
| apartelle | budget hotel based on an apartment | See also condotel | |
| banana cue | skewered plantains, sprinkled with sugar, grilled and served hot[6] | ||
| batchmate | student who graduated at the same time | ||
| bed-space | to rent a bedroom at a private home, where the rent for it is paid by a lodger or boarder"[7] | ||
| boodle fight | gathering where food (usually pansit, or steamed rice and sardines) is served on old newspapers or banana leaves spread over a table and eaten with bare hands by a group of people | Devised by PMA cadets, and does not represent authentic Philippine culture, but instead symbolizes fraternity and equality among PMA members by their sharing the same food without regard to rank. From West Point slang meaning "any party at which boodle (candy, cake, ice cream, etc.) is served."[8] | |
| cadette | female cadet | ||
| carnapping[9] | carjacking; motor vehicle theft | Blend of car and kidnapping. | |
| chancing | sexual advance (usually groping) with suggestive body contact | Often associated with Silent Generation and baby boomer Filipinos.[7] | |
| civilian clothes | casual clothes | Usually in a context where one is not required to wear a uniform. From police terminology, referring to plainclothes officers. | |
| comfort room | public toilet; restroom | often abbreviated to CR | |
| community quarantine | A cordon sanitaire or stay-at-home order | Devised by the IATF-EID to distinguish a series of lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic from military lockdowns resulting from civil disorder or armed conflict, the latter being associated with Martial law.[10] Compare with Malaysian English movement control order or Singaporean circuit breaker measure. | |
| computer shop | Internet café | Mistranslation of Tagalog kompyuteran. | |
| condotel/condoye | budget hotel based on a condominium | See also apartelle above | |
| coupon bond | bond paper | ||
| cutex/cutics[11] | nail polish | Genericized trademark | |
| dine-in | eat-in; Stay (North America) | ||
| disco | nightclub | Also disco club, or simply club. | |
| dirty ice cream | generic ice cream sold by street vendors | ||
| dirty kitchen | kitchen dedicated to household workers | Also found in West Asian households. | |
| eat-all-you-can | all-you-can-eat | Common, but not necessarily peculiar to Philippine English. | |
| estafa | fraud | Borrowing from Spanish | |
| extra service | orgasm as part of erotic massage done by a masseur; happy ending | ||
| Filipino time/Pinoy time | habitual lateness of Filipinos | Stereotypical, but often used humorously. See also Juan time below | |
| government-owned and controlled corporation | state-owned enterprise | Often abbreviated to GOCC. | |
| green joke | off-color humor; ribaldry | Calque of Spanish chiste verde. See also green-minded below | |
| green-minded | dirty-minded; having sexual thoughts | Related to green joke | |
| grotto | garden or roadside shrine simulating a cave and containing a statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary (mostly Our Lady of Lourdes), and sometimes paired with a water feature | From the holy cave in Lourdes, France. | |
| handcarry hand-carry | carry-on; hand luggage | ||
| high-blood | heavily angered | ||
| hold-departure order | criminal travel injunction | Also abbreviated HDO | |
| holdupper[12] | hold-up robber; stick-up man | ||
| hollow block | cement, concrete, or foundation block, or hollow brick | ||
| house | any place of residence | ||
| housemate | roommate | Someone you share a house or apartment with, as opposed to roommate, someone you share a room with in separate beds | |
| informal settler | squatter | Also in informal settler's area (slum or shanty town). | |
| jeepney | purpose-built public transportation vehicles, originally made from used US military jeeps | ||
| jogging pants | sweatpants or track pants (especially as part of the physical education uniform in most schools in the Philippines) | ||
| Juan time | habit of being on time | After Juan dela Cruz. | |
| kidnapable | person who is a likely target for kidnap for ransom for their wealth and social status | Slang, often used tongue-in-cheek. | |
| kikay kit | container where a woman's make-up and toiletries are kept | ||
| load | (noun) prepaid credits; (verb) to reload mobile credits; top up | ||
| macho dancer | male stripper in a gay bar | ||
| McDo | McD's; Maccas (Australia) | Clipping of McDonald's. Also found in French. | |
| minor subject | An elective; optional subject | Usually contrasts to a major subject, which are required core subjects. | |
| necrological service | obituary or pre-burial event consisting of eulogies and songs, especially over a deceased celebrity or public figure | Used by funeral homes. Outside that context, first noted in writing in the Taglish elegy of Filipino poet V.I.S. de Veyra for English-language Filipino poet Ophelia Alcantara Dimalanta titled Requiem Para Kay Ophie (Dimalanta)---Makata, Kritiko ng Wika which mentions "necrological service" among other Philippine English words and phrases.[13] The phrase is also understood to mean "memorial service". | |
| number two | mistress | ||
| nosebleed | serious difficulty conversing in English with a fluent or native English speaker, also anxiety during an examination, job interview or being afraid to be judged by others for not using proper grammar | Slang, often used to avoid conversing with English speakers. | |
| pedestrian lane | pedestrian crossing/crosswalk | Pedestrian crossing is also used. | |
| pekpek shorts | short shorts | From Tagalog vulgar slang for vagina. | |
| pension house | family-owned guest house | From Spanish pensión | |
| pentel pen | marker | Genericized trademark | |
| pechay petsay pitchay | bok choy; a type of Chinese cabbage | ||
| Pisonet | Internet café with coin-operated computers that can be used for 5 to 15 minutes after dropping a Philippine peso coin | Genericized trademark | |
| polo | dress shirt | From polo shirt. | |
| practicumer | intern | From practicum. | |
| presidentiable | presidential candidate | ||
| promodiser / promodizer | A person who introduces a product, has enough knowledge about how it works, and would like to encourage the people to buy it. Either hired by companies who create products for the common people to buy, or existing mall employees that were hired by third-party companies. | Possibly a portmanteau of "promotional merchandiser". | |
| recollection | retreat | ||
| red egg | salted eggs with shells dyed magenta | Calque of Tagalog itlog na pula. | |
| ref | fridge | Shortened from refrigerator. | |
| remembrance | souvenir | ||
| revival | cover | ||
| rubber shoes | sneakers, athletic shoes or trainers | ||
| sando | sleeveless shirt, tank-top, wifebeater, vest or singlet | May be traced to the Bengali word sando-genji. | |
| sari-sari store | small, neighborhood convenience store or booth | From the Tagalog sari-sari ("mixed" or "sundry"). | |
| school | any educational institution | Any educational institution, from kindergarten to university, are referred to as "school" in most casual conversations. | |
| schoolmates | students who went to the same school | ||
| scotch tape | transparent adhesive tape | Genericized trademark, from the brand by 3M. | |
| senatoriable | Senate candidate | ||
| sign pen | a technical pen used for signing documents | Genericized trademark by Pentel. | |
| sounds | music played in a radio, audio or speaker | ||
| stolen shot | candid photography | Slang | |
| top-down | convertible | ||
| transient [home] | homestay | ||
| trouser pants | casual slacks | Coined in 2022 to refer to slacks often used for casual wear, rather than in formal occasions or in school/office. | |
| unli | unlimited | E.g. in unli-text[14] or unli-rice. | |
| vetsin | monosodium glutamate | Genericized trademark from Tien Chun Ve-Tsin. | |
| videoke | karaoke | Coined in the 1990s. Portmanteau of video and karaoke. | |
| washday | day where an employee or student can wear casual clothes, as uniforms are usually laundered that day | May be traced back to a travel guide in 1908.[15] |
Words with Philippine origin
This is a list of English words which originate from any of the Philippine languages.
| Word/phrase | Definition |
|---|---|
| abacá | a species of banana native to the Philippines. The plant is of major economical importance, being harvested for its fiber, called manila hemp, from abaka |
| adobo | refers to a Philippine dish or a Latin American marinade. The word entered English in 1938 and is of Spanish origin.[16] |
| boondocks | a remote rural area, from Tagalog bundok ("mountain") |
| calamondin | a small evergreen citrus fruit tree, native to the Philippines, and used there for cooking and as a houseplant elsewhere, from Kapampangan kalamunding |
| capiz | decoration material, made of mother-of-pearl shells that have the same name |
| cedula | a Philippine tax. From Spanish cédula. |
| cooties | from Tagalog and Austronesian word kuto which literally means "head lice". Entered English in 1917 from the Malay kutu.[17] |
| datto | a Philippine tribe leader |
| dita ditta | a Philippine tree |
| halo-halo | a dessert[18] |
| lauan | the light yellow to reddish-brown or brown wood of any of various tropical southeast Asian trees, from Tagalog lawaan |
| machin | a grayish brown long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis philippensis), from matsing meaning monkey or ape |
| panguingue | 19th-century gambling card game, from pangginggi |
| salacot | broad-brimmed hat woven from strips of cane or from palm leaves, from salakot |
| ube | Philippine yam |
| yo-yo | the toy, from Ilocano word yoyo[19] |
Abbreviations
Abbreviations are often punctuated in Philippine English when they are usually not. Some abbreviations are peculiar to Philippine usage.
- Asec. (assistant secretary. American English: Asst. Secy.)
- mtr. (meter. Standard English: m)
- Usec. (undersecretary. American English: Undersecy.)
Comparison with other varieties
Where British and American English vocabulary differs, Philippine English will generally prefer American usages, but Philippine English may share usages with British English, use both or follow its own usage.
| American English | Philippine English | British English | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| academic program | course | American English uses course for a subject of an individual program. Philippine English uses course for both (through indirect Spanish influence) and therefore overlaps with British usage. | ||
| acetaminophen | paracetamol | Acetaminophen is used in the United States and Canada (as well as Japan and South Korea), while Philippines uses paracetamol, which is the international nonproprietary name used by the World Health Organization used elsewhere. | ||
| ad | advert | Abbreviation for advertisement | ||
| all-purpose flour | plain flour | |||
| at-large district | lone district | |||
| automated teller machine, ATM | cash machine | |||
| babysitting | child-minding | |||
| baked potato | jacket potato | |||
| ballpoint pen | ball pen | ball pen, biro | ||
| band-aid | elastoplast | Both terms are genericized trademarks | ||
| bangs | fringe | |||
| beltway | ring road | |||
| [restaurant] bill, check | bill | |||
| billboard | hoarding | |||
| bok choy | pechay | pak choy | American and British spellings reflect Cantonese pronunciation, while Philippine spelling reflect Hokkien pronunciation and borrowed through Spanish and Philippine languages. | |
| bottom drawer | hope chest | |||
| bureau, chest of drawers | chest of drawers | |||
| cafeteria, canteen | canteen | |||
| candy | sweets | |||
| car detailing | car valeting | |||
| carnival, fair | funfair | |||
| cell phone, cellular phone | mobile phone | Can be abbreviated to CP in Philippine English. | ||
| checkers | draughts | |||
| chips | crisps | |||
| cilantro | coriander | |||
| clothespin | clothes peg | |||
| college or school (division of an university) | faculty | |||
| community service | community payback | |||
| concurrent resolution | resolution of both houses | |||
| corn | maize | |||
| cornstarch | corn flour | |||
| cotton ball | cotton wool | |||
| cotton candy | candy floss | |||
| cotton swab | cotton bud | |||
| counterclockwise | anticlockwise | |||
| cupcake | fairy cake, cupcake | |||
| custom-made | bespoke | |||
| dark chocolate | plain chocolate | |||
| derby hat | bowler hat | |||
| diaper | nappy | |||
| district attorney | fiscal | public prosecutor | Philippine English is from Spanish fiscal | |
| divided highway, dual highway | divided road, dual carriageway | dual carriageway | ||
| drunk driving | drink-driving | |||
| economy class, coach class | economy class | |||
| eggplant | aubergine | |||
| eighth note | quaver | |||
| elevator | lift | |||
| elk, wapiti | elk | wapiti | British English elk refers to American English moose. | |
| emergency room (ER) | accidents and emergencies (A&E) | |||
| exclamation point | exclamation mark | |||
| exhaust pipe, tailpipe | exhaust pipe | |||
| expressway, highway, freeway | motorway | |||
| expiration date, best before date | expiration date, expiration date | expiry date | ||
| extension cord | extension lead | |||
| faculty (staff) | academic staff | |||
| fanny pack | bum bag | |||
| fire department | fire brigade | |||
| first floor | ground floor, first floor | ground floor | Both usages current in the Philippines, but predominant usage is ground floor. | |
| flashlight | torch | |||
| french fries | chips | |||
| garbage, trash | rubbish | |||
| garbage bag, trash bag | bin bag, bin liner, rubbish bag | |||
| garbage collector, garbageman | dustman | |||
| garbage bin, garbage can, trash bin, trash can, | dustbin, rubbish bin | |||
| garbage truck | bin lorry | |||
| garden hose | hosepipe | |||
| gasoline | petrol | |||
| gasoline station | petrol station | |||
| German Shepherd | Alsatian | German Shepherd is used in most English varieties except British English where Alsatian (after Alsace in France) is used due to historical anti-German sentiment. | ||
| goose bumps | goose pimples | |||
| hairpin | hairgrip | |||
| half note | minim | |||
| hardware store | hardware shop, ironmonger | May be simply called hardware in Philippine English. | ||
| icing, frosting | icing | In American English, both terms are synonymous, but bakers usually distinguish between the two. Philippine English primarily uses only icing. | ||
| popsicle | popsicle, ice drop | ice lolly | ||
| janitor | caretaker | |||
| Jell-O, jelly | jelly | Jell-O is a genericized trademark primarily used in the United States. | ||
| jumper (dress) | pinafore dress | |||
| landslide | landslip | |||
| laundry shop, laundromat | laundry shop, launderette | |||
| lawn | garden | lawn | ||
| Lima bean | broad bean | |||
| liquor store | off-licence | |||
| long-distance call | trunk call | |||
| manual transmission, stick-shift transmission | manual transmission | standard transmission, manual transmission | ||
| master of ceremonies (MC, emcee) | compere | |||
| math | maths | |||
| megaphone | loudhailer, megaphone | |||
| moose | elk | See also notes for "elk". | ||
| movie theater, moviehouse | cinema, moviehouse | cinema | ||
| nighstand, bedside table | bedside table | |||
| overalls | dungarees | |||
| pacifier | dummy | |||
| passing (vehicle) | overtaking | |||
| period | full stop | |||
| pharmacist | chemist | |||
| pickle | gherkin | |||
| plastic wrap, Saran wrap | cling film | |||
| police car, cop car, patrol car | police car | |||
| public holiday | bank holiday | |||
| pull-off (road) | lay-by, emergency parking bay | lay-by | ||
| punching bag | punchbag | |||
| push-up (exercise) | pull-up | |||
| quarter note | crotchet | |||
| railroad station, train station | train station, railway station, railroad station | railway station | ||
| raincoat | cagoule, mackintosh | |||
| raisin | sultana, raisin | British English distinguishes between raisins and sultanas | ||
| red-baiting | red-tagging | |||
| roundabout, traffic circle | rotunda, circle | roundabout | Philippine English rotunda is from Spanish rotonda. | |
| sales clerk | sales clerk, shop assistant | shop assistant | ||
| sales tax | value added tax | |||
| scallion, spring onion | spring onion | |||
| sedan | saloon | |||
| semi-trailer | articulated lorry | |||
| shopping mall, shopping center | shopping centre | |||
| shot (vaccination) | jab | |||
| sidewalk | pavement | |||
| sixteenth note | semi-quaver | |||
| slingshot | catapult | |||
| sneakers | sneakers, rubber shoes | training shoes, trainers | ||
| soccer | football | American English football usually refers to gridiron football. See also Names for association football. | ||
| soccer shoe | football shoe | football boot | ||
| soda, pop | soft drink | fizzy drink | See also Soft drink#Terminology and Names for soft drinks in the United States for discussion on usage. | |
| soda crackers | soda crackers, cream crackers | cream crackers | ||
| sofa, couch | sofa | |||
| special election | by-election | |||
| speed bump | [speed] hump | [speed] hump, sleeping policeman | ||
| sponge bath | blanket bath | |||
| station wagon | estate car | |||
| stove | cooker | |||
| stovetop | hob | |||
| stroller | pram, pushchair | |||
| substitute teacher | supply teacher | |||
| suspenders | braces | |||
| sweater | jumper | |||
| takeout | takeaway | |||
| toilet, restroom, bathroom | toilet, restroom, bathroom, comfort room (CR) | lavatory, loo, water closet (WC) | See also Toilet (room)#Names. Lavatory is universally used for aircraft toilets. | |
| toll-free | freephone | |||
| truck | lorry | |||
| trunk (of a car) | boot | |||
| turtleneck | polo neck | |||
| undershirt | vest | |||
| vacation | holiday | |||
| vacationeer | holidaymaker | |||
| vacuum cleaner | Hoover | |||
| wading pool | paddling pool | |||
| waiter, busboy | waiter | |||
| while | whilst | |||
| whole note | semibreve | |||
| windbreaker | windcheater | |||
| windshield | windscreen | |||
| wrench | spanner | |||
| yield (sign) | give way, yield | yield | Both usages current in the Philippines, but predominant usage is give way. On road signs, give way is used on standard yield signs in the Philippines, but "yield" is sometimes used on some yield signs and bicycle-related signage. | |
| ZIP code | postal code | |||
| zipper | zip [fastener] | |||
| zucchini | courgette | |||
Idioms
There are instances where Philippine English idioms are borrowed from British English as opposed to American English or American English as opposed to British English such as:
- A drop in the ocean (as with UK usage) as opposed to US a drop in the bucket
- Home away from home (as with US usage) as opposed to UK home from home
- Take with a pinch of salt (as with UK usage) as opposed to US take with a grain of salt
- Knock on wood (as with US usage) as opposed to UK touch wood
- Wouldn't touch with a ten-foot pole (as with US usage) as opposed to UK wouldn't touch with a barge pole
- Slowpoke (as with US usage) as opposed to UK slowcoach
There are also instances where British idioms are prominently used in Philippine English such as: actions speak louder than words, an arm and a leg, barking up the wrong tree, beat around the bush, don't cry over spilled (UK: spilt) milk, it takes two to tango, kill two birds with one stone and steal someone's thunder.
There are also instances where American idioms are prominently used in Philippine English such as: before you know it, call it a day, down in the dumps, get the hang of it, hang in there, so far so good, two peas in a pod and under the weather.
References
- "BBC NEWS – Asia-Pacific – Beijing 'brown-out' to save power". bbc.co.uk.
- Baxendale, Rachel (January 26, 2019). "Heatwave: AEMO hits go on emergency energy supply measures as Victoria swelters". The Australian. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
- Jeannette Andrade (August 28, 2007). "Hazing eyed in death of graduating UP student". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 3, 2008. Doris Dumlao (August 17, 2008). "Mutual funds for P1,000 a month". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 3, 2008. Michael Lim Ubac (April 24, 2008). "Suspected smugglers, Customs, LTO officials charged". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
- "Where Can I Buy Spandrel in the Philippines?". Retrieved September 1, 2021.
- Fajardo, K. B. (January 1, 2008). "TRANSPORTATION: Translating Filipino and Filipino American Tomboy Masculinities through Global Migration and Seafaring". GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 14 (2–3): 403–424. doi:10.1215/10642684-2007-039. ISSN 1064-2684. S2CID 142268960.
- Overseas Pinoy Cooking.Net accessed November 6, 2010
- Roger B. Rueda. "Philippine English (I)". The News Today :: Online Iloilo News and Panay News. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- "Glossary of Army Slang". American Speech. Duke University Press. 16 (3): 163–169. October 1941. doi:10.2307/486883. ISSN 0003-1283. JSTOR 486883.
- "Philippine English". MSN Encarta Dictionary. Archived from the original on January 15, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2011.
- Esguerra, Darryl (March 12, 2020). "Metro Manila placed under 'community quarantine' due to COVID-19". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
- https://www.abante.com.ph/2023/02/16/veneers-yarn-beks-kontesera-naglagay-ng-cutics-sa-ipin/
- Borlongan, Ariane Macalinga (2007). "Innovations in Standard Philippine English". Current Research on English and Applied Linguistics.
- V.I.S. de Veyra's poem "Requiem Para Kay Ophie"
- "Unli Call & Text 25 – Smart Communications". smart.com.ph.
- Navy guide to Cavite and Manila : ... a practical guide and beautiful souvenir. 1908. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
- "adobo". merriam-webster.com. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
- "cootie". merriam-webster.com. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
- Alberto-Masakayan, Thea (June 25, 2016). "Halo-halo, atbp: Filipino words make it to Oxford Dictionary". ABS-CBNnews.com. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
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Origin and Etymology of yo–yo probably from Ilocano yóyo, or a cognate word in a language of the Philippines, First Known Use: 1915
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