List of Iron Age states
The Iron Age is an archaeological age, the last of the three-age system of Old World prehistory. It follows the Bronze Age, in the Ancient Near East beginning c. 1200 BC, and in Europe beginning after c. 800 BC. It is taken to end with the beginning of Classical Antiquity, in about the 6th century BC, although in Northern Europe, the Germanic Iron Age is taken to last until the beginning of the Viking Age, c. AD 800.
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The term "Iron Age" is mostly limited to Europe, the Near East, and the Indian subcontinent, although West Africa also had iron metallurgy, beginning with the Nok culture c. 550 BC and spread by the Bantu expansion. There are also cast iron artefacts in China from about 500 BC, but use of iron was minimal, and the Bronze Age in China is usually extended to the beginning of the classical period (Qin dynasty).
Africa
State | Capital/s | Type | Existed |
---|---|---|---|
Carthage | Carthage | Kingdom/empire | 814–146 BC |
Aethiopia | Adulis | Kingdom | c. 13th–5th centuries BC |
Cyrenaica | Cyrene | 631–525 BC | |
D'mt | Yeha | 980–400 BC | |
Kingdom of Kush | Meroë | 1070 BC – 350 AD | |
Third Intermediate Period of Egypt | Memphis, Thebes | 1069–525 BC | |
New Kingdom of Egypt | 1550–1069 BC | ||
Land of Punt | 2400–1069 BC | ||
Nok culture | ancient kingdom | c. 550 BC – 300 AD | |
Europe
State | Capital/s | Type | Existed |
---|---|---|---|
Alba Longa | Lavinium | Kingdom | 1200 – 753 BC |
Alashiya | Enkomi, Kalavasos | Kingdom | 1450–1050 BC |
Arcadia | Kingdom | 1000–743 BC | |
Argolis | Argos | Kingdom | 1200–379 BC |
Athens | Athens | Kingdom city state | 1556–683 BC |
Athens | Athens | Republican city state | 683–87 BC |
Boeotia | Thebes | Kingdom | 1100–750 BC |
Corinth | Corinth | City state | 700–338 BC |
Dacia | Sarmizegetusa, Regia | Kingdom, later Empire | 700 BC – 106AD |
Daunia | Tribal kingdom | 7th century – 89 BC | |
Epirus | Amvrakia, Passaron, Phoenice | Kingdom | 1183–168 BC |
Etruria | Veii | Kingdom | 768–264 BC |
Illyria | Scodra | Kingdom | 2000–168 BC |
Lacedaemon | Sparta | Kingdom | 1300–950 BC |
Liburnia | Tribal thalassocracy[1] | 11th century – 34 BC | |
Locria | Amphissa, Naupactus | Kingdom | 1250–386 BC |
Lucania | Tribal kingdom | 1000 v 356 BC[2] | |
Macedon | Aigai, Pella | Kingdom | 860–146 BC |
Magna Graecia | Various | Kingdom city states | 740–89 BC |
Messapia | Hyria | Tribal kingdom | 8th century – 89 BC |
Messenia | Messene | Kingdom | 1300–724 BC |
Oenotria | Metabon | Tribal kingdom | 1000–325 BC |
Oscans | Ausones | Tribal kingdom | 1000 – 4th centuries BC |
Padanian Etruria | Various | Federated city states | 9th century – 5th century BC |
Kingdom of Rome | Rome | Kingdom | 753–509 BC |
Sabinum | Tribal kingdom | c. 760 – 494 BC | |
Samnium | Bovianum | Tribal confederation | c. 600 – 82 BC |
Sparta | Sparta | Kingdom | 950–146 BC |
Tartessos | Tartessus | Tribal kingdom | 1000–450 BC |
Thracia | Bizye, Sevtopolis | Tribal chiefdom | 1500–450 BC |
Tyrrhenia | Various | Kingdom city states | 1100–764 BC |
Eurasian Steppe and Central Asia
Name | Capital | State type | Existed |
---|---|---|---|
Aria | Kingdom/client | 700 BC – 300 BC | |
Bactria | Bactra | Tribal kingdom/client | 2140 – 550 BC |
Balhara | Balkh | Tribal kingdom | 12th century – 7th century BC |
Colchis | Phasis | Kingdom | 1300 BC – 2nd century AD |
Margiana | Tribal kingdom | 9th century – 6th century BC | |
Sattagydia | not specified | Kingdom | c. 7th century – 480 BC |
Scythia | Neopolis | Tribal kingdom | 690 – 250 BC |
Sogdia | Marakanda | Tribal confederation | 8th century – 327 BC |
Jushi Kingdom (Tarim basin) | Tribal kingdom city states | 1st millennium BC | |
East Asia
Name | Capital | State type | Existed |
---|---|---|---|
Âu Lạc | Cổ Loa Citadel | Kingdom | 257 – 180 BC |
Ba | Yíchéng | Tribal confederation | 13th century – 311 BC |
Cai | Shàngcài), Xīncài, Xiàcài | Marquisate/client | 980 – 447 BC |
Cao | Táoqiū | Dukedom/client | 1053 – 487 BC |
Chen | Wǎnqiū | Dukedom/client | 1046 – 479 BC |
Chu | Danyang, JiangYing, JiYing, Shouchun, | Viscountcy/kingdom/client | 1030 – 223 BC |
Deng | Dengzhou | Marquisate/client | 1200 – 678 BC |
Donghu | Nomadic tribal confederation | 1400 – 150 BC | |
Eastern Guo | Dengzhou | Marquisate/client | 1046 – 767 BC |
Gojoseon | Asadal, Wanggeom-seong | Kingdom | 2333 – 108 BC |
Guan | Guan | Kingdom city state | 1046 – 1040 BC |
Gumie | Gumie | Kingdom | 1046 – 480 BC |
Han | Hancheng | Marquisate/client | 1046 – 764 BC |
Huang | Can'hu, Yicheng, Hubei | Marquisate/client | 891 – 648 BC |
Jin | Tang, Quwo, Jiang, Xintian | Dukedom/client | 1042 – 376 BC |
Kỷ line | Not specified | Kingdom | 853 – 755 BC |
Lu | Qufu | Marquisate/dukedom/client | 1042 – 249 BC |
Pi | Xuecheng | Earldom/client | 1046 – 418 BC |
Qi | Qi | Dukedom | 1600 – 445 BC |
Qi | Linzi | Dukedom/client | 1046 – 221 BC |
Qin | Qin, Quanqiu, Qian, Pingyang | Marquisate/dukedom/client | 858 – 221 BC |
Quan | Dukedom/client | 1250 – 704 BC | |
Quanrong | Nomadic Tribal Confedracy | 954 – 301 BC | |
Shěn | Shěn | Earldom/marquisate | 1050 – 500 BC |
Shu | Kingdom | 1046 – 316 BC | |
Song | Shangqiu | Dukedom and vassal | 1058 – 286 BC |
Sui | Suizhou | Marquisate and client | 771 – 221 BC |
Sumpa | Tribal chiefdom/client | 1600 BC – 7th century AD | |
Tan | Mingshui | Viscountcy and vassal | 1046 – 684 BC |
Teng | Tengzhou | Viscountcy | 1046 – 414 BC |
Văn Lang | Anyang | Confederation/kingdom | 2879 – 258 BC |
Western Guo | Yongdi, Shangyang, Xiayang | Countship/dukedom | 1046 – 687 BC |
Wey | Shangqiu | Dukedom and vassal | 1046 – 687 BC |
Wu | Gusu | Dukedom and vassal | 1046 – 473 BC |
Xingtai | Marquisate/client | 1046 – 632 BC | |
Xu | Gusu | Viscountacy/client | 2000 – 512 BC |
Yan | Ji | Kingdom/principality | 1046 – 222 BC |
Zheng | Zheng, Xinzheng | Kingdom | 806 – 375 BC |
Zhou | Haojing, Luoyi | Kingdom | 1046 – 256 BC |
Zou | Viscountacy/dukedom | 1012 – 350 BC | |
South Asia
Name | Capital | State type | Existed |
---|---|---|---|
Anarta | Dvaraka | Kingdom | 1100 – 550 BC |
Anga | Champa or Campā | Kingdom | 1380 – 550 BC |
Asmaka | Potana | Kingdom | 1150 – 300 BC |
Avanti | Mahissati, Ujjaini | Kingdom | 900 – 322 BC |
Āryāvarta | Multiple | Confederated tribal kingdoms | 1750 – 600 BC |
Chedi | Suktimati | Kingdom | 1250 – 344 BC |
Chola | Uraiyur/Kaveripoompattinam | Kingdom | 2645 – 110 BC |
Danda | Janasthana | Kingdom | 1100 – 450 BC |
Dasarna | Kingdom | 1150 – 600 BC | |
Drangiana | Tribal chiefdom | 950 – 600 BC | |
Gurjara | Kingdom | 1000 – 550 BC | |
Haryanka | Rajagriha, later Pataliputra | Kingdom | 684 – 413 BC |
Himalaya | Kingdom | 600 – 322 BC | |
Kalinga | Dantapura/Rajapura[3] | Kingdom | 1376 – 285 BC |
Kamboja | Rajapura | Kingdom | 1450 – 195 BC |
Kasmira | Asirgarh Qila | Kingdom | 1250 – 322 BC |
Kekeya | Kingdom | 1250 – c. 4th century BC | |
Kimpurusha | Kingdom | 1000 – 325 BC | |
Kirata | Tribal kingdom | 1350 – c. 300 BC | |
Kosala | Shravasti | Kingdom | 1300 – 266 BC |
Kuru | Āsandīvat, Indraprastha | Kingdom | 1376 – 285 BC |
Lanka | Lankapura | Kingdom | 1200 – 543 BC |
Madra | Sagala | Kingdom | 1350 – 350 BC |
Magadha | Rajagriha or Rajgir | Kingdom | 1200 – 800 BC |
Malla | Kusavati, Pava | Republic | c. 7th century BCE–c. 4th century BCE |
Matsya | Viratanagara | Kingdom | 1250 – 318 BC |
Maurya Empire | Pataliputra | Empire | 322 – 186 BC |
Nepa | Kingdom | 750 – 323 BC | |
Panchala | Ahichatra, Kampilya | Kingdom | 1200 – 700 BC |
Panchala | Ahichatra, Kampilya | Republic | 700 – 308 BC |
Pandya | Madurai | Kingdom | 1350 – 460 BC |
Parvata | Kingdom | c. 9th century – 325 BC | |
Pragjyotisha | Kingdom | c. 11th century – 350 BC | |
Pundra | Pundravardhana | Kingdom | 1300 BC – 550 AD |
Saurashtra | Kingdom | 950 – 355 BC | |
Shakya | Kapilavatthu | Monarchical Republic | 800 – 320 BC |
Sindhu | Vrsadarbhpura | Kingdom | 1300 – 320 BC |
Suhma | not specified | Kingdom | c. 8th century – 4th century BC |
Surasena | Methora | Kingdom | 1300 – 323 BC |
Trigarta | Prasthala | Kingdom | 1150 – 322 BC |
Vanga | Gange | Kingdom | 1300 BC – 580 AD |
Vatsa | Kauśāmbī | Kingdom | 1100 – 323 BC |
Vidarbha | Kundinapuri | Kingdom | 1200 – 322 BC |
Virata | Kundinapuri | Kingdom | 1300 – 322 BC |
Vajjika League | Vaishali | Confederacy | c. 7th century BCE – c. 468 BCE |
Yaksha | Narmada | Kingdom | 1200 – 350 BC |
West Asia
Name | Capital | State type | Existed |
---|---|---|---|
Achaemenid Empire | Pasargadae, Ecbatana, Susa, Persepolis | Empire | 550 – 330 BC |
Ammon | Rabbath Ammon | Kingdom | 1000 – 332 BC |
Anshan | Anshan | Kingdom | 717 – 646 BC |
Aram-Damascus | Damascus | Kingdom | 1184 – 732 BC |
Aramea | Tribal chiefdom's/kingdom | 2300 – 700 BC | |
Arzawa | Apasa | Federation | 15th – 12th century BC |
Awsan | Ḥajar Yaḥirr | Kingdom | 7th century BC – 100 AD |
Arme-Shupria | Van | Kingdom | 1290 – 1190 BC |
Assyria | Assur | Kingdom | 1975 – 934 BC |
Assyrian Empire | Assur, Nineveh, Harran | Empire | 911 – 612 BC |
Bashan | Bashan | Confederation | 1330 – 928 BC |
Bit-Istar | Kingdom | 12th century – 710 BC | |
Chaldea | Bit Yakin | Kingdom | 1100 – 539 BC |
Corduene | Principality/kingdom/client | 800 BC – 653 AD | |
Cilicia | Tarsus | Kingdom | 795 – 546 BC |
Drangiana | Tribal chiefdom | 950 – 600 BC | |
Diauehi | Zua, Ultu | Kingdom | 1118 – 760 BC |
Dilmun | Qal'at | Kingdom | 2600 – 675 BC |
Doris | Doris | Kingdom | 1200 – 580 BC |
Edom | Rabbath Ammon | Kingdom | 1200 – 125 BC |
Elamite Empire | Susa | Empire | 1210 – 535 BC |
Ellipi | Kingdom | 850 – 609 BC | |
Hadhramaut | Kingdom | 700 BC – 320 AD | |
Haram | Haram | Kingdom city state | 600 – 175 BC |
Hittite Empire | Hattussa | Empire | 1600 – 1178 BC |
Ionia | Delos | Kingdom city states | 1070 – 545 BC |
Twelve Tribes of Israel | Tribal confederation | 1440 – 1050 BC | |
United Monarchy of Israel | Jerusalem | United Kingdom | 1050 – 930 BC |
Israel | Samaria | Kingdom | 930 – 720 BC |
Judah | Jerusalem | Kingdom | 930 – 586 BC |
Lukka | Tribal kingdom | 2000 – 1183 BC | |
Lullubi | Lulubuna | Tribal kingdom | 2400 – 650 BC |
Lycia | Xanthos, Patara | Kingdom | 1183 – 546 BC |
Lydia | Sardis | Kingdom | 1200 – 680 BC |
Lydian Empire | Sardis | Empire | 680 – 546 BC |
Mannai | Izirtu | Kingdom | 1110 – 616 BC |
Magan | Kingdom | 2200 – 550 BC | |
Media | Ecbatana | Kingdom | 750 – 678 BC |
Median Empire | Ecbatana | Empire | 678 – 549 BC |
Mysia | Pergamene | Kingdom | 1320 – 301 BC[4] |
Nairi | Multiple | Tribal confederation | 1190 – 890 BC |
Namar | Namar | Kingdom | 2350 – 750 BC |
Neo-Babylonian Empire | Babylon | Empire | 626 – 539 BC |
Neo-Hitit | Multiple | Kingdom city states | 1200 – 800 BC |
Paphlagonia | Gangra | Kingdom | 1480 – 183 BC[5] |
Parsua | Tribal chiefdom/kingdom[6] | 860 – 600 BC | |
Persis | Tribal kingdom | 10th century – 550 BC | |
Philistia | Ashdod, Ekron, Gaza | Kingdom city states | 1175 – 732 BC |
Phoenicia | Byblos, Tyre, Berytus, Sidon | Kingdom city states | 1800 – 539 BC |
Phrygia | Kingdom | 1200 – 700 BC | |
Qedar | Adumattu | Tribal confederation/client | 870 BC – 250 AD |
Quwê | Kingdom/client kingdom | 895 – 625 BC | |
Sabaea | Ma'rib | Kingdom | 1100 – 275 BC |
Sam'al | Samal | Principality/kingdom | 1200 – 680 BC |
Saparda | Kingdom | 7200 – 670 BC | |
Tabal | Kanesh | Kingdom | 1180 – 609 BC |
Tarhuntassa | Tarhuntassa | Kingdom | 1350 – 1200 BC |
Troas | Troy | Kingdom | 3000 – 700 BC |
Tuwanuwa | Tuwanuwa | Kingdom city state | 1000 – 700 BC |
Urartu | Arzashkun, Tushpa | Kingdom | 860 – 590 BC |
Zabdicene | Principality/client | 780 BC – 5th century AD | |
Zikirti | Kingdom | 750 – 521 BC | |
See also
References
- "State definiation". 2014. Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
- Pritchard, James Cowles. "Kingdoms of Italy: Research into the Physical History of Mankind". 1999–2014. The History Files. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
- "Far East Kingdoms, South Asia". 2014. The History Files. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
- "Kingdoms of Anatolia". 2014. The History Files. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
- "Middle East Kingdoms Ancient Anatolia". 2014. The History Files. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
- Eduljee, K D. "Zoroastrian Heritage The Zagros". 2012. The Heritage Site. Retrieved 9 April 2014.