List of Lessepsian migrant species

Lessepsian migrants, named after Ferdinand de Lesseps, the French engineer in charge of the Suez Canal's construction, are marine species that are native to the waters on one side of the Suez Canal, and which have been introduced by passage through the canal to the waters on its other side, giving rise to new colonies there and often becoming invasive.

The Indian mackerel, Rastrelliger kanagurta, an example of Lessepsian migrant

Most Lessepsian migrations are of Red Sea species invading the Mediterranean Sea; few occur in the opposite direction.

Red Sea species to Mediterranean Sea

The year given denotes the first record in the Mediterranean (often distinct from the year of publication).

Species Group Year Ref.
Acanthurus sohalActinopterygii: Acanthuridae2022[1]
Acanthurus xanthopterusActinopterygii: Acanthuridae2022[1]
Actaea savigniiCrustacea: Xanthidae2010[2]
Alepes djedabaActinopterygii: Carangidae1927[3] [4]
Alepes kleiniiActinopterygii: Carangidae1966[5]
Alpheus edwardsiiCrustacea: Alpheidae1924[6]
Alpheus inopinatusCrustacea: Alpheidae1936[7]
Alpheus rapacidaCrustacea: Alpheidae1964[7]
Apogonichthyoides pharaonisActinopterygii: Apogonidae1947[8]
Aquilonastra burtoniEchinodermata: Asterinidae1966[9]
Arcuatula arcuatulaMollusca: Mytilidae[10]
Arcuatula perfragilisMollusca: Mytilidae1960[10][11]
Arcuatula senhousiaMollusca: Mytilidae2004[12]
Ashtoret lunarisCrustacea: Matutidae1987[7]
Aspidosiphon elegansPhascolosomatidea: Aspidosiphonidae1957[13]
Atergatis roseusCrustacea: Xanthidae1961[7]
Atherinomorus lacunosusActinopterygii: Atherinidae1902[14]
Belzebub hanseniCrustacea: Luciferidae1924[7]
Brachidontes pharaonisMollusca: Mytilidae1876[15]
Caesio varilineataActinopterygii: Caesionidae2018[16]
Callionymus filamentosusActinopterygii: Callionymidae1953[17] [4]
Caloria indicaMollusca: Facelinidae1986[18][19]
Carcharhinus melanopterusChondrichthyes: Carcharhinidae2005[20]
Carupa tenuipesCrustacea: Portunidae1996[21]
Champsodon capensisActinopterygii: Champsodontidae2012[22]
Champsodon nudivittisActinopterygii: Champsodontidae2008[23]
Champsodon voraxActinopterygii: Champsodontidae2010[24]
Chaetodon austriacusActinopterygii: Chaetodontidae2011[25]
Chaetodon larvatusActinopterygii: Chaetodontidae2011[26]
Charybdis helleriiCrustacea: Portunidae1924[7]
Charybdis longicollisCrustacea: Portunidae1959[7]
Cheilodipterus novemstriatusActinopterygii: Apogonidae2010[27]
Conus arenatusMollusca: Conidae[10]
Cryptocentrus caeruleopunctatusActinopterygii: Gobiidae2015[28]
Cymothoa indicaCrustacea: Cymothoidae2009[29]
Cucurbitula cymbiumMollusca: Gastrochaenidae[10]
Decapterus russelliActinopterygii: Carangidae2005[30]
Diodora ruppelliiMollusca: Fissurellidae[10]
Dussumieria acutaActinopterygii: Clupeidae1953[4]
Epinephelus areolatusActinopterygii: Serranidae2016[31]
Epinephelus coioidesActinopterygii: Serranidae1969[32]
Epinephelus fasciatusActinopterygii: Serranidae2012[33]
Epinephelus geoffroyiActinopterygii: Serranidae2015[33]
Equulites popeiActinopterygii: Leiognathidae2011[34][35]
Equulites klunzingeriActinopterygii: Leiognathidae1931[36] [4]
Eucrate crenataCrustacea: Goneplacidae1924[37][7]
Fenneropenaeus indicaCrustacea: Penaeidae1981[6]
Ferosagitta galeritaChaetognatha: Sagittidae2003[38]
Fistularia commersoniiActinopterygii: Fistulariidae2000[39]
Fulvia fragilisMollusca: Cardiidae2005[40]
Gafrarium pectinatumMollusca: Veneridae[10]
Goniobranchus annulatusMollusca: Chromodorididae2004[41]
Hemiramphus farActinopterygii: Hemiramphidae1927[42]
Heniochus intermediusActinopterygii: Chaetodontidae2003[43]
Herklotsichthys punctatusActinopterygii: Clupeidae1943[44]
Heterosaccus dollfusiCrustacea: Sacculinidae1992[45]
Himantura uarnakChondrichthyes: Dasyatidae1955[46]
Hippocampus fuscusActinopterygii: Syngnathidae2001[47]
Hyastenus hilgendorfiCrustacea: Epialtidae1960[7]
Hyporhamphus affinisActinopterygii: Hemiramphidae1964[48]
Ixa monodiCrustacea: Leucosiidae1955[7]
Jaydia quekettiActinopterygii: Apogonidae2006[49]
Jaydia smithiActinopterygii: Apogonidae2013[50]
Lagocephalus guentheriActinopterygii: Tetraodontidae2005[51]
Lagocephalus sceleratusActinopterygii: Tetraodontidae2016[52]
Lagocephalus spadiceusActinopterygii: Tetraodontidae1953[4]
Lagocephalus suezensisActinopterygii: Tetraodontidae1977[53]
Leonnates persicusAnnelida: Nereididae2001[54]
Leptochela aculeocaudataCrustacea: Pasiphaeidae1933[7]
Leucosia signataCrustacea: Leucosiidae1953[7]
Lophioturris indicaMollusca: Turridae[10]
Marsupenaeus japonicusCrustacea: Penaeidae1924[55][7]
Metapenaeus monocerosCrustacea: Penaeidae1924[7]
Metapenaeus stebbingiCrustacea: Penaeidae1924[7]
Metapenaeopsis aegyptiCrustacea: Penaeidae1990[56]
Metapenaeopsis mogiensisCrustacea: Penaeidae1997[37]
Modiolus auriculatusMollusca: Mytilidae1960[10]
Myrax fugaxCrustacea: Leucosiidae1930[6]
Nemipterus japonicusActinopterygii: Nemipteridae2006[57]
Nemipterus randalliActinopterygii: Nemipteridae2006[58]
Notopus dorsipesCrustacea: Raninidae1962[7]
Ogyrides mjoebergiCrustacea: Ogyrididae1947[7]
Ostorhinchus fasciatusActinopterygii: Apogonidae2008[59]
Oxyurichthys petersiiActinopterygii: Oxudercidae1983[60]
Palaemonella rotumanaCrustacea: Palaemonidae1948[7]
Pampus argenteusActinopterygii: Stromateidae1896[61]
Panulirus ornatusCrustacea: Palinuridae1988[7]
Papilloculiceps longicepsActinopterygii: Platycephalidae1986[62]
Parexocoetus mentoActinopterygii: Exocoetidae1935[63]
Parupeneus forsskaliActinopterygii: Mullidae2000[64]
Pelates quadrilineatusActinopterygii: Terapontidae1970[4]
Penaeus hathorCrustacea: Penaeidae1997[50]
Penaeus semisulcatusCrustacea: Penaeidae1928[7]
Periclimenes calmaniCrustacea: Palaemonidae1924[7]
Petroscirtes ancylodonActinopterygii: Blenniidae1989[65]
Phidiana militarisMollusca: Facelinidae2016[19]
Pilumnopeus vauqueliniCrustacea: Xanthidae1924[7]
Plagusia tuberculataCrustacea: Grapsidae1981[7]
Planiliza carinataActinopterygii: Mugilidae1971[4]
Platax teiraActinopterygii: Ephippidae2010[66]
Platycephalus indicusActinopterygii: Platycephalidae1953[62]
Plectorhinchus gaterinusActinopterygii: Haemulidae2016[67]
Plotosus lineatusActinopterygii: Plotosidae2001[68]
Pomacanthus imperatorActinopterygii: Pomacanthidae2010[66]
Pomacanthus maculosusActinopterygii: Pomacanthidae2009[69]
Pomadasys stridensActinopterygii: Haemulidae1969[70]
Portunus segnisCrustacea: Portunidae1898[71]
Priacanthus sagittariusActinopterygii: Priacanthidae2009[66]
Processa aequimanaCrustacea: Processidae1946[6]
Pteragogus trispilusActinopterygii: Labridae1992[72]
Pterois milesActinopterygii: Scorpaenidae1992[73]
Rachycentron canadumActinopterygii: Rachycentridae1986[74]
Rastrelliger kanagurtaActinopterygii: Scombridae1971[72]
Ratabulus prionotusActinopterygii: Platycephalidae1947[62]
Rhopilema nomadicaCnidaria: Rhizostomatidae1970s[75]
Sardinella gibbosaActinopterygii : Clupeidae2008[76]
Sargocentron rubrumActinopterygii: Holocentridae1947[4]
Saron marmoratusCrustacea: Hippolytidae2013[50]
Saurida lessepsianusActinopterygii: Synodontidae1953[77][78]
Scarus ghobbanActinopterygii: Scaridae1999[79]
Scomberomorus commersonActinopterygii: Scombridae1935[80]
Sepia dollfusi Mollusca: Sepiidae2015[81]
Sepia pharaonisMollusca: Sepiidae2003[82][83]
Sepioteuthis lessonianaMollusca: Loliginidae2002[84]
Siganus luridusActinopterygii: Siganidae1964[85]
Siganus rivulatusActinopterygii: Siganidae1927[86]
Sillago suezensisActinopterygii: Sillaginidae1977[4][87]
Sphaerozius nitidusCrustacea: Xanthidae1976[7]
Sphyraena chrysotaeniaActinopterygii: Sphyraenidae1930[4]
Sphyraena flavicaudaActinopterygii: Sphyraenidae1991[88]
Spratelloides delicatulusActinopterygii: Clupeidae1978[89]
Stephanolepis diasprosActinopterygii: Monacanthidae1927[4]
Synanceia verrucosaActinopterygii: Scorpaenidae2010[90]
Synchiropus sechellensisActinopterygii: Callionymidae2014[91]
Terapon jarbuaActinopterygii: Terapontidae2010[92]
Terapon putaActinopterygii: Terapontidae1976[92]
Tetrosomus gibbosusActinopterygii: Ostraciidae1988[93]
Thalamita poissoniiCrustacea: Portunidae1952[7]
Trachurus indicusActinopterygii: Carangidae2009[94]
Trachysalambria palaestinensisCrustacea: Penaeidae1924[7]
Trochus erithreusMollusca: Trochidae[10]
Torquigener flavimaculosusActinopterygii: Tetraodontidae1987[51]
Trypauchen vaginaActinopterygii: Oxudercidae2011[95]
Tylerius spinosissimusActinopterygii: Tetraodontidae2005[96]
Tylosurus choramActinopterygii: Belonidae1963[97]
Upeneus moluccensisActinopterygii: Mullidae1947[4]
Upeneus poriActinopterygii: Mullidae1950[4]
Urocaridella pulchellaCrustacea: Palaemonidae2008[21]
Vanderhorstia mertensiActinopterygii: Gobiidae2008[98]

Mediterranean species to Red Sea

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  60. Frank L. Pezold & Helen K. Larson (2015). "A revision of the fish genus Oxyurichthys (Gobioidei: Gobiidae) with descriptions of four new species" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3988 (1): 001–095. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3988.1.1. PMID 26250215.
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  62. Daniel Golani & Adam Ben-Tuvia (1990). "Two Red Sea Flatheads (Platycephalidae) Immigrants in the Mediterranean". Cybium. 14 (1): 57–61.
  63. Briand F, Ed. (2021). Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea (Parexocoetus mento). 2nd Edition (PDF). Paris, Monaco: CIESM Publishers. p. 88-89.
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  66. Daniel Golani; Oren Sonin & Dor Edelist (2011). "Second records of the Lessepsian fish migrants Priacanthus sagittarius and Platax teira and distribution extension of Tylerius spinosissimus in the Mediterranean". Aquatic Invasions. 6 (1, supplement): s7–s11. doi:10.3391/ai.2011.6.S1.002.
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  69. Michel Bariche (2010). "First record of the angelfish Pomacanthus maculosus (Teleostei: Pomacanthidae) in the Mediterranean" (PDF). Aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology. 16 (1): 31–33.
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  73. Christie L Wilcox; Hiroyuki Motomura; Mizuki Matsunuma; Brian W Bowen (2018). "Phylogeography of Lionfishes (Pterois) Indicate Taxonomic Over Splitting and Hybrid Origin of the Invasive Pterois volitans". Journal of Heredity. 109 (2): 162–175. doi:10.1093/jhered/esx056. PMID 28637254.
  74. Ola Mohamed Nour; Sara A.A. Al Mabruk; Bruno Zava; Alan Deidun6; and Maria Corsini-Foka (2021). "Records of new and rare alien fish in North African waters: the burrowing goby Trypauchen vagina (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) and the bartail flathead Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Egypt and the cobia Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) in Libya". BioInvasions Records. 10 (4): 914–923. doi:10.3391/bir.2021.10.4.16.
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  78. Russell, Barry; Golani, Daniel; Yaron, Tikochinski (2015). "Saurida lessepsianus a new species of lizardfish (Pisces: Synodontidae) from the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea, with a key to Saurida species in the Red Sea". Zootaxa. 3956 (4): 559. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3956.4.7.
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  81. Rafik Riad (2015). "First record of the cuttlefish Sepia dollfusi (Cephalopoda: Sepioidea) from the Egyptian Mediterranean waters" (PDF). Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. 19 (3): 1–7. doi:10.21608/ejabf.2015.2266.
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  87. Golani, D.; R. Fricke; Y. Tikochinski (2013). "Sillago suezensis, a new whiting from the northern Red Sea, and status of Sillago erythraea Cuvier (Teleostei: Sillaginidae)". Journal of Natural History. 48 (7–8)): 413–428. doi:10.1080/00222933.2013.800609.
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  90. Edelist, D.; Spanier, E.; Golani, D. (June 2011). "Evidence for the cccurrence of the Indo-Pacific stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa (Actinopterygii: Scorpaeniformes: Synanceiidae), in the Mediterranean Sea". Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria. 41 (2): 129–131. doi:10.3750/AIP2011.41.2.09.
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  92. Daniel Golani & Brenda Applebaum-Golani (2010). "First record of the Indo-Pacific fish the Jarbua terapon ( Terapon jarbua ) (Osteichthyes: Terapontidae) in the Mediterranean with remarks on the wide geographical distribution of this species". Scientia Marina. 74 (4): 717–720. doi:10.3989/scimar.2010.74n4717.
  93. Spanier E., Goren M. (1988). "An Indo-Pacific trunkfish Tetrosomus gibbosus (Linnaeus): first record of the family Ostracionidae in the Mediterranean". Journal of Fish Biology. 32 (5): 797–798. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05420.x.
  94. Dalyan, C.; Eryilmaz L. (2009). "The Arabian scad Trachurus indicus, a new Indo-Pacific species in the Mediterranean Sea". Journal of Fish Biology. 74 (7): 1615–9. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02195.x. PMID 20735657.
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  96. Maria Corsini; Panagiotis Margies; Gerasimos Kondilatos; Panos S. Economidis (2005). "Lessepsian migration of fishes to the Aegean Sea : First record of Tylerius spinosissimus (Tetraodontidae) from the Mediterranean, and six more fish records from Rhodes". Cybium (in French). 29 (4): 347–354.
  97. Daniel Goliani (2009). "Distribution of Lessepsian migrant fish in the Mediterranean". Italian Journal of Zoology. 65 (S1): 95–99. doi:10.1080/11250009809386801.
  98. Murat Bilecenoglu1; Mehmet Baki Yokeş; Ahmet Eryigit (2008). "First record of Vanderhorstia mertensi Klausewitz, 1974 (Pisces, Gobiidae) in the Mediterranean Sea" (PDF). Aquatic Invasions. 3 (4): 475–478. doi:10.3391/ai.2008.3.4.21.

General references
  • Dulcic, J. and A. Pallaoro (2003). Lessepsian Fish Migrants Reported in the East Adriatic Sea: An Annotated List, Ser. hist. nat..
  • Golani, D. (1998). Impact of Red Sea Fish Migrants through the Suez Canal on the Aquatic Environment of the Eastern Mediterranean, Yale FE&S Bulletin 103.
  • Tortonese E (1966). "Echinoderms from the coast of Lebanon". Misc Pap Nat Sci Am Univ Beirut. 5: 2–5.
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