List of Sapindaceae genera

This is a list of genera in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae, which includes the soapberries (Sapindus), maples (Acer), and paullinias, amongst others. As currently circumscribed, the family contains approximatively 1900 species into over 140 genera classified into 4 subfamilies.[1]

The fruits of Sapindus saponaria, western or wingleaf soapberry, give the family its vernacular name.

Phylogeny and circumscription

The circumscription of Sapindaceae encompasses the former Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae families as tribes in subfamily Hippocastanoideae. Although the classification at subfamilial level is fairly well-established, the circumscription at tribal and generic level remains only partially resolved, especially in the larger subfamily Sapindoideae, which has led the most recent revision to treat the majority of these genera without placing them in a tribe.[1] Another recent study hints at even more incongruity between traditional circumscription and molecular evidence.[2]

Changes have included the synonymization of Distichostemon with Dodonaea,[3] and Neotina and Tinopsis with Tina.[4] Additionally, not all authors agree about the broad circumscription that ensues from placing Xanthoceras as the sister group to the three traditional families as the resulting Sapindaceae sensu lato, unlike the traditional families, is difficult to characterize.[1][5] As a result, the elevation of Xanthoceroideae to family level was proposed, which would have removed six genera from Sapindaceae and Hippocastanoideae.[5]

This list follows the updated classification of Buerki et al.[6]

Subfamily Dodonaeoideae

Tribe Dodonaeae

(Kunth) DC. (1824) Type: Dodonaea Mill.

Arfeuillea[N 1] Radlkofer (1 Species; Thailand and Laos)
Averrhoidium Baill.[7] (4 Species; Mexico, Tropical South America)
Boniodendron Gagnep. (2; southern China and Vietnam)
Conchopetalum Radlk. (2; Madagascar)
Cossinia Comm. ex Lam.[8] (3; Mauritius, New Caledonia)
Diplokeleba N.E.Br.[9] (2 species; South America)
Diplopeltis Endl.[10] (5 species; Australia)
Dodonaea Mill.[11] (60+ species; Pantropical)
Euchorium[N 2] Ekman & Radlk.[12] (1 species; Cuba)
Euphorianthus[N 3] Radlk.[13] (1; Eastern Malesia)
Harpullia Roxb.[14] (26; India and China to Australasia)
Hirania Thulin (1; Somalia)
Llagunoa Ruiz & Pav.[15] (3-4; Andes)
Loxodiscus Hook.f.[16] (1; New Caledonia)
Magonia A.St.-Hil.[17][N 4] (1;[N 5] Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay)
Majidea J.Kirk ex Oliv.[18] (4-5; Africa and Madagascar)

Tribe Doratoxyleae

Radlk. 1890. Type: Doratoxylon Thouars ex Hook.f.

Doratoxylon Thouars ex Hook.f.[19] (6 species; Mauritius, Madagascar)
Exothea Macfad.[20] (3; West Indies, Central America)
Filicium[N 6] Thwaites ex Benth.[19] (3-4; Madagascar, East Africa to India, Sri Lanka)
Ganophyllum Blume[21] (1-2; Paleotropics)
Hippobromus Eckl. & Zeyh.[22] (1; Africa)
Hypelate P.Browne[23] (1; West Indies, Florida)
Smelophyllum Radlk. (1; Cape Provinces of South Africa)
Zanha Hiern[24] (23; Southern Africa, Madagascar)

Incertae sedis

†Wehrwolfea Erwin & Stockey[25] (1; Ypresian, Princeton Chert)

Subfamily Hippocastanoideae

Tribe Acereae

(Durande) Dumort. (1827). Type: Acer L.

Acer L.[26] (120+; Northern hemisphere)
Dipteronia Oliv.[27] (2; China)

Tribe Hippocastaneae

(DC.) Dumort. (1827). Type: Aesculus L.

Aesculus L.[26] (13; Temperate Northern hemisphere)
Billia Peyr.[28] (2; Mexico to South America)
Handeliodendron Rehder[29] (1; China)

Subfamily Sapindoideae

Tribe Athyaneae

Acev.‐Rodr. (2017). Type: Athyana (Griseb.) Radlk.

Athyana Radlk.[30] (1; Peru, Bolivia, Argentina)
Diatenopteryx Radlk.[31] (2; Southern South America)

Tribe Blomieae

Buerki & Callm. (2021) Type: Blomia Miranda

Blomia Miranda[32] (1; Mexico, Guatemala and Belize)

Tribe Bridgesieae

Acev.‐Rodr. (2017). Type: Bridgesia Bertero ex Cambess.

Bridgesia Bertero ex Cambess.[33] (1; Chile)

Tribe Cupanieae

Blume (1857). Type: Cupania L.

Alectryon Gaertn.[34] (25; Malesia, Australasia and Micronesia)
Arytera
Blume[35] (c. 28; India, Southeast Asia to Australasia)
Castanospora F.Muell.[36] (1; Australia)
Cnesmocarpon Adema[37] (1; Australia, Papua New Guinea)
Cupania L.[26] (c. 50; Neotropical)
Cupaniopsis Radlk.[13] (60; Malesia to Australasia)
Dictyoneura Blume[35] (2–3; Malesia, Philippines, Australia)
Diploglottis Hook.f.[19] (12; Australia, Papua New Guinea)
Elattostachys (Blume) Radlk.[38] (c. 20; Malesia, Australasia)
Eurycorymbus Hand.-Mazz.[39] (1 species; China)
Gloeocarpus Radlk.[40] (1; Philippines)
Gongrodiscus Radlk.[13] (3; New Caledonia)
Gongrospermum Radlk.[40] (3; Philippines)
Guioa Cav.[41] (c. 64; Southeastern Asia to Australasia)
Jagera Blume[35] (2; Moluccas, New Guinea, Australia)
Lecaniodiscus Planch. ex Benth.[42] (2; Tropical Africa)
Lepiderema Radlk.[38] (8; Australia, New Guinea)
Lepidocupania Buerki, Callm., Munzinger & Lowry (21; western tropical Pacific)[43]
Lepidopetalum Blume[35] (6; Malesia, Australia)
Matayba Aubl.[44] (c. 50; Neotropical)
Mischarytera (Radlk.) H.Turner[45] (3; Australia, Papua New Guinea)
Mischocarpus (Blume[46] (c. 15; Southeastern Asia to Australia)
Molinaea Comm. ex Juss.[47] (c. 10; Madagascar and Mascarenes Islands)
Neoarterya Callm., Buerki, Munzinger & Lowry (4; New Caledonia and Vanuatu)[43]
Pentascyphus Radlk.[13] (1; French Guiana, Surinam, Brazil)
Podonephelium Baill.[7] (4; New Caledonia)
Rhysotoechia Radlk.[38] (c. 14; Australia, Malesia)
Sarcopteryx Radlk.[38] (12-13; Australia, Moluccas, New Guinea)
Sarcotoechia Radlk.[13] (c. 11; Australia, Moluccas, New Guinea)
Scyphonychium Radlk.[31] (1; Brazil, French Guiana)
Storthocalyx Radlk.[13] (4; New Caledonia)
Synima Radlk.[13] (2; Australia, New Guinea)
Tina Schult.[38] (c. 8; Australia, New Guinea)
Trigonachras Radlk.[38] (8; Non-Javanese Malesia & Lesser Sunda)
Vouarana Aubl.[44] (2; Costa Rica to Brazil)

Tribe Guindilieae

Buerki, Callm. & Acev.‐Rodr. (2021). Type: Guindilia Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.

Guindilia Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.[48] (3; Southern South America)

Tribe Haplocoeleae

Buerki & Callm. (2021). Type: Haplocoelum Radlk.

Blighiopsis Van der Veken[49] (1; Central Africa)
Haplocoelum Radlk.[31] (c. 7; Tropical Africa and Madagascar)

Tribe Koelreuterieae

Radlk. (1890). Type: Koelreuteria Laxm.

Erythrophysa[N 7] E.Mey. ex Arn.[50] (5; South Africa, Madagascar)
Koelreuteria Laxm.[51] (c. 4; Eastern Asia)
Stocksia Benth.[52] (1; Near East, Afghanistan)

Tribe Melicocceae

Blume (1847). Type: Melicoccus P.Browne

Dilodendron Radlk.[31] (3; Neotropical)
Melicoccus P.Browne[23] (10; Dominican Republic, South America)
Talisia Aubl. (52; Southern Mexico to South America)
Tripterodendron Radlk.[53] (1; Brazil)

Tribe Nephelieae

Radlk. (1890). Type: Nephelium L.

Aporrhiza Radlk.[31] (4–6; Tropical Africa)
Blighia K.D.Koenig[54] (3; Tropical Africa)
Chytranthus Hook.f.[19] (25+; Western tropical Africa)
Cubilia Blume[35] (1; Malesia)
Dimocarpus Lour.[55] (6; Southern Asia to Australia)
Glenniea Hook.f.[19] (8; Paleotropical)
Haplocoelopsis F.G.Davies[56] (1; Central and East Africa)
Laccodiscus Radlk.[13] (c. 6; West Africa)
Litchi Sonn.[57][N 8] (1; Southeastern China to Malesia)
Nephelium L.[58][N 9] (c. 16; Southeastern Asia to Malesia)
Otonephelium[N 10]
Radlk.[53] (1; Southern India)
Pancovia Willd.[59] (10–12; West Africa)
Placodiscus Radlk.[31] (c. 10; Tropical Africa)
Pometia J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.[60] (2; India and Pacific Islands)
Radlkofera Gilg[61] (1; Western Africa)
Xerospermum Blume[35] (2; Bangladesh, Indochina to Eastern Malesia)

Tribe Paullinieae

(Kunth) DC. (1824). Type: Paullinia L.

Cardiospermum L.[26] (15; Pantropical)
Lophostigma Radlk.[62] (2; Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia)
Paullinia L.[26] (c. 190; Neotropics & Africa)
Serjania Mill.[11] (c. 230; Neotropics)
Thinouia Triana & Planch.[63] (c. 12; Central and South America)
Urvillea Kunth[64] (c. 15; Central and South America)

Tribe Sapindeae

(Kunth) DC. (1824). Type: Sapindus L.

Alatococcus Acev.-Rodr.[65] (1; Brazil)
Atalaya Blume[35] (12; South Africa, Australia, Malesia)
Deinbollia Schumach.[66] (c. 38; Southern Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene)
Eriocoelum Hook.f.[19] (10+; Tropical Africa)
Hornea Baker[67] (1; Mauritius)
Lepisanthes Blume[46] (c. 24; Paleotropics, Australia)
Porocystis Radlk.[31] (2; Brazil, French Guiana)
Pseudima Radlk.[68] (1; Continental neotropics)
Sapindus L.[26] (c. 10; Circumtropical)
Thouinidium radlk.[31] (6;| Central America & Greater Antilles)
Toulicia Aubl.[44] (12; South America)
Tristira Radlk.[38] (1;| Philippines, Moluccas, Celebes)
Zollingeria Kurz[69] (3-4; Indochina, Borneo)

Tribe Schleichereae

Radlk. (1890). Type: Schleichera Willd.

Amesiodendron Hu[70] (1–3; Southern China to Sumatra)
Paranephelium Miq.[71] (4; Yunnan to Malesia)
Pavieasia Pierre[72][N 11] (1–3; China)
Phyllotrichum Thorel ex Lecomte[73] (1; Laos)
Schleichera Willd.[59] (1; Sri Lanka and India to Malesia)
Sisyrolepis Radlk.[74] (1; Thailand & Cambodia)

Tribe Stadmanieae

Buerki & Callm. (2021). Type: Stadmania Lam. ex. Poir.

Beguea Capuron[75] (1; Madagascar)
Camptolepis Radlk.[76] (4; East Africa, Madagascar)
Chouxia Capuron[75] (6; Madagascar)
Gereaua (Capuron) Buerki & Callm.[77] (1; Madagascar)
Macphersonia Blume[35] (8; Aldabra, Madagascar, West Tropical Africa)
Pappea Eckl. & Zeyh.[22] (1; Southern Africa)
Plagioscyphus Radlk.[31] (c. 10; Madagascar)
Pseudopteris Baill.[7] (3; Madagascar)
Stadtmannia Lam.[78] (6; East Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius)
Tsingya Capuron[75] (1; Madagascar)

Tribe Tristiropsideae

Buerki & Callm. (2021) Type: Tristiropsis Radlk.

Tristiropsis Radlk.[30] (3; Malesia & Australasia)

Tribe Thouiniaeae

Blume (1847). Type: Thouinia Poit.

Allophylastrum Acev.-Rodr.[79] (1; Brazil, Guyana)
Allophylus L.[26](?;[N 12] Pantropical)
Thouinia Poit.[80] (c. 30; West indies, Central America)

Tribe Ungnadieae

Buerki & Callm. (2021). Type: Ungnadia Endl.

Delavaya Franch.[81][N 13] (1; China)
Ungnadia Endl.[82] (1; Mexico, Texas)

Subfamily Xanthoceratoideae

Xanthoceras Bunge[83][N 14] (1; China)

Incertae sedis

Bizonula Pellegr.[84] (1; Gabon)
Chonopetalum Radlk.
Gloeocarpus Radlk.
Gongrospermum Radlk.
Lychnodiscus Radlk.[31] (c. 7; Tropical Africa)
Namataea D.W.Thomas & D.J.Harris
Porocystis Radlk.
Pseudopancovia Pellegr.[85] (1; West Equatorial Africa)

Notes

The genus might not be distinct from Majidea (Acevedo-Rodríguez et al., 2011, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 10:375)
Because its fruit has not been described in the literature, this genus' tribal placement is not entirely clear (Acevedo-Rodríguez et al., 2011, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 10:378).
A replacement name for Radlkofer's own Euphoriopsis (Actes Congr. Bot. Amsterdam 1877:128, 1877) which was preoccupied by a genus of fossil Sapindaceae named by Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo (Sapind. Foss. Monogr.:12, 1852).
Not Hist. Pl. Remarq. Brésil:239: although the title page for that work gives the year of publication as 1824, the relevant part was not issued before late 1825 (Stafley & Cowan, Taxon. Lit., ed. 2 4:1067).
Saint-Hilaire originally described two species, now treated as one, but a generic type has yet to be defined.
Thwaites had originally (Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 6:65. 1854) named the genus Pterophyllum, but that name had already been applied by Siebold et Zuccarini to a genus of Papaveraceae in 1843 (Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 3(3):719).
Arnott published the name as Erythrophila, which Otto Wilhelm Sonder later (Fl. Cap. 1:237, 1860) "corrected" to Erythrophysa. Nonetheless, the original spelling is correct under the ICBN (Vienna, 2005, art. 60); the need to conserved the corrected spelling was noted as early as 1962 (Verdcourt, J. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 58(372):201), but no formal proposal was published.
The first book was published in several edition, the in-octavo edition, vol. 3, p. 255 is often cited.
The Mantissa Plantarum (Mat. Pl.:125) is often also cited. This was a work published simultaneously as an appendix to volume 2 of the Systema Naturae's 12th and 13th editions. The link is to an online scan of the 13th edition (without the Mantissa), a page-for-page reprint done in Vienna missing only the third volume's errata. See Stafleu & Cowan (1981; Taxon. Lit. 3:106–108) for further details and references.
According to Acevedo-Rodríguez et al. (2011, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 10:396), the difference from Dimocarpus is "doubtful".
According to Stafleu & Cowan (1983; Taxon. Lit. 4:273), different copies may be bound differently. Other sources cite "1894" as the year of publication.
The definition of species in the genus is a difficult matter, and species number have ranged from 250 to a single polymorphic one. Since the latter proposal by Pieter Willem Leenhouts (Blumea 15(2):313. 1967), "no progress in an understanding of the systematic structure of Allophylus has been made" (Acevedo-Rodríguez et al., 2011, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 10:380).
The paper was issued in two part, the first (pp. 358–368) was included with the November 1886 issue containing proceedings of the society's July meeting. the rest was published in March 1887 alongside the proceedings of the November meeting (Leussink, 1986, Taxon 35(2):256).
This preprint eventually appeared as Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 2:75–147 (1835).

References

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Harrington, Mark G.; Gadek, Paul A. (2010). "Phylogenetics of hopbushes and pepperflowers (Dodonaea, Diplopeltis – Sapindaceae), based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and partial ETS sequences incorporating secondary-structure models". Australian Systematic Botany. 23 (6): 431–442. doi:10.1071/SB10002.
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Macfadyen, James (1837). The Flora of Jamaica. Vol. 1. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans. p. 232.
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- Paullinia, p. 365
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- Dilodendron, p. 355
- Haplocoelum, p. 336
- Lychnodiscus, p. 332
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- Arytera, p. 169
- Atalaya, p. 186
- Cubilia, p. 100
- Dictyoneura, p. 163
- Jagera, p. 155
- Lepidopetalum, p. 171
- Macphersonia, p. 156
- Xerospermum, p. 99
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- Elattostachys, p. 82
- Lepiderema, p. 250
- Rhysotoechia, p. 131
- Sarcopteryx, p. 127
- Toechima, p. 130
- Trigonachras, p. 116
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[Arf-Maji-7] The genus might not be distinct from Majidea (Acevedo-Rodríguez et al., 2011, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 10:375)

[13] Because its fruit has not been described in the literature, this genus' tribal placement is not entirely clear (Acevedo-Rodríguez et al., 2011, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 10:378).

[15] A replacement name for Radlkofer's own Euphoriopsis (Actes Congr. Bot. Amsterdam 1877:128, 1877) which was preoccupied by a genus of fossil Sapindaceae named by Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo (Sapind. Foss. Monogr.:12, 1852).

[21] Not Hist. Pl. Remarq. Brésil:239: although the title page for that work gives the year of publication as 1824, the relevant part was not issued before late 1825 (Stafley & Cowan, Taxon. Lit., ed. 2 4:1067).

[22] Saint-Hilaire originally described two species, now treated as one, but a generic type has yet to be defined.

[26] Thwaites had originally (Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 6:65. 1854) named the genus Pterophyllum, but that name had already been applied by Siebold et Zuccarini to a genus of Papaveraceae in 1843 (Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 3(3):719).

[56] Arnott published the name as Erythrophila, which Otto Wilhelm Sonder later (Fl. Cap. 1:237, 1860) "corrected" to Erythrophysa. Nonetheless, the original spelling is correct under the ICBN (Vienna, 2005, art. 60); the need to conserved the corrected spelling was noted as early as 1962 (Verdcourt, J. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 58(372):201), but no formal proposal was published.

[65] The first book was published in several edition, the in-octavo edition, vol. 3, p. 255 is often cited.

[67] The Mantissa Plantarum (Mat. Pl.:125) is often also cited. This was a work published simultaneously as an appendix to volume 2 of the Systema Naturae's 12th and 13th editions. The link is to an online scan of the 13th edition (without the Mantissa), a page-for-page reprint done in Vienna missing only the third volume's errata. See Stafleu & Cowan (1981; Taxon. Lit. 3:106–108) for further details and references.

[68] According to Acevedo-Rodríguez et al. (2011, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 10:396), the difference from Dimocarpus is "doubtful".

[83] According to Stafleu & Cowan (1983; Taxon. Lit. 4:273), different copies may be bound differently. Other sources cite "1894" as the year of publication.

[91] The definition of species in the genus is a difficult matter, and species number have ranged from 250 to a single polymorphic one. Since the latter proposal by Pieter Willem Leenhouts (Blumea 15(2):313. 1967), "no progress in an understanding of the systematic structure of Allophylus has been made" (Acevedo-Rodríguez et al., 2011, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 10:380).

[94] The paper was issued in two part, the first (pp. 358–368) was included with the November 1886 issue containing proceedings of the society's July meeting. the rest was published in March 1887 alongside the proceedings of the November meeting (Leussink, 1986, Taxon 35(2):256).

[97] This preprint eventually appeared as Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 2:75–147 (1835).

[Acevedo2011-FGVP-1] Acevedo-Rodríguez, P.; et al. (2011). "Sapindaceae". In Klaus Kubitzki (ed.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. 10. Berlin: Springer. pp. 357–407. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14397-7_17. ISBN 978-3-642-14397-7.

[Buerki2009-2] Buerki, Sven; Forest, Félix; Acevedo-Rodríguez, Pedro; et al. (2009). "Plastid and nuclear DNA markers reveal intricate relationships at subfamilial and tribal levels in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 51 (2): 238–258. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.01.012. hdl:10261/167004. PMID 19405193.

[Harrington2010-3] Harrington, Mark G.; Gadek, Paul A. (2010). "Phylogenetics of hopbushes and pepperflowers (Dodonaea, Diplopeltis – Sapindaceae), based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and partial ETS sequences incorporating secondary-structure models". Australian Systematic Botany. 23 (6): 431–442. doi:10.1071/SB10002.

[Buerki2010-tina-4] Buerki, Sven; Lowry, Porter P., II; Andriambololonera, Sylvie; et al. (2011). "How to kill two genera with one tree: clarifying generic circumscriptions in an endemic Malagasy clade of Sapindaceae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 165 (3): 223–234. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01106.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Buerki2010-xantho-5] Buerki, Sven; Lowry, Porter P., II; Alvarez, Nadir; et al. (2010). "Phylogeny and circumscription of Sapindaceae revisited: molecular sequence data, morphology and biogeography support recognition of a new family, Xanthoceraceae". Plant Ecology and Evolution. 143 (2): 148–159. doi:10.5091/plecevo.2010.437. hdl:10261/27490.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Buerki2021-6] Buerki S, Callmander MW, Acevedo-Rodriguez P, Lowry PP 2nd, Munzinger J, Bailey P, Maurin O, Brewer GE, Epitawalage N, Baker WJ, Forest F. An updated infra-familial classification of Sapindaceae based on targeted enrichment data. Am J Bot. 2021 Jul;108(7):1234-1251. doi: 10.1002/ajb2.1693. Epub 2021 Jul 5. Erratum in: Am J Bot. 2022 Aug;109(8):1326-1327. PMID: 34219219; PMCID: PMC8361682.

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[22] Averrhoidium, p. 244

[23] Podonephelium, 245

[24] Pseudopteris, 243

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Euphorianthus, p. 673

Gongrodiscus, p. 503

Laccodiscus, p. 496

Pentascyphus, p. 495

Sarcotoechia, p. 501

Scyphonychium, pp. 494–495

Storthocalyx, 499

Synima, 501

[33] Cupaniopsis, p. 483

[34] Euphorianthus, p. 673

[35] Gongrodiscus, p. 503

[36] Laccodiscus, p. 496

[37] Pentascyphus, p. 495

[38] Sarcotoechia, p. 501

[39] Scyphonychium, pp. 494–495

[40] Storthocalyx, 499

[41] Synima, 501

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[Hooker1857-19] Hooker, J. D. (1857). "On Loxodiscus, a new genus of Sapindaceae form New Caledonia". Hooker's Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany. (in Latin). 9: 200–201.

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Eriocoelum, p. 400

Glenniea, p. 404

[48] Doratoxylon, p. 408

[49] Filicium, p. 325

[50] Chytranthus, p. 403

[51] Diploglottis, p. 395

[52] Eriocoelum, p. 400

[53] Glenniea, p. 404

[Macfadyen1837-25] Macfadyen, James (1837). The Flora of Jamaica. Vol. 1. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans. p. 232.

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[58] Pappea, part 1, p. 53

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[Hiern1896-30] Hiern, William Philip (1896). Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. F. Welwitsch in 1853–61. Vol. 1. London: British Museum. p. 128.

[Wehrwolfea1990-31] Erwin, D. M.; Stockey, R. A. (1990). "Sapindaceous flowers from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert (Allenby Formation) of British Columbia, Canada". Canadian Journal of Botany. 68 (9): 2025–2034. doi:10.1139/b90-265.

[Linnaeus1753-32] Linnaeus (1753). Species Plantarum (in Latin).
Acer, p. 1054

Aesculus, p. 344

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Cardiospermum, p. 366

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Paullinia, p. 365

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[65] Acer, p. 1054

[66] Aesculus, p. 344

[67] Allophylus, p. 348

[68] Cardiospermum, p. 366

[69] Cupania, 200

[70] Paullinia, p. 365

[71] Sapindus, p. 367

[Oliver1898-33] Oliver, Daniel (1898). "Dipteronia sinensis". Hooker's Icones Plantarum (in Latin). 19. pl. 1898.

[Peyritsch1858-34] Peyritsch, Johann (1858). "Eine neue Gattung der Hippocastaneen". Botanische Zeitung. 16 (22): 153–154.

[Rehder1935-35] Rehder, Alfred (1935). "Handeliodendron, a new genus of Sapindaceae". Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 16 (1): 65–67. doi:10.5962/p.185323. S2CID 91146651.

[Durand1888-36] Durand, Théophile (1888). Index Generum Phanerogamorum (in Latin). Bruxelles: Dulau & co; [etc., etc.]
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[76] Athyana, p. 73

[77] Conchopetalum, p. 81

[78] Tristiropsis, p. 76

[Radlkofer1878-37] Radlkofer, L. (1878). "Ueber Sapindus und damit in Zusammenhang stehende Pflanzen". Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-physikalischen Classe der K. B. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München (in German). 8: 221–408.
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Dilodendron, p. 355

Haplocoelum, p. 336

Lychnodiscus, p. 332

Placodiscus, p. 332

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Thouinidium, p. 281

[80] Aporrhiza, p. 338

[81] Diatenopteryx, p. 284

[82] Dilodendron, p. 355

[83] Haplocoelum, p. 336

[84] Lychnodiscus, p. 332

[85] Placodiscus, p. 332

[86] Plagioscyphus, p. 335

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[88] Smelophyllum, p. 330

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[Miranda1953-38] Miranda, F. (1953). "Plantas nuevas o notables de la flora de Chiapas". Anales del Instituto de Biología de la Universidad Nacional de México (in Spanish). 24: 69–96, 82.

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[Blume1847-41] Blume, Carl L. (1847). XXVIII. De Quibusdam Sapindaceis Maxima Parte Indiæ Orientali Propriis [28. On some Sapindaceae of the greater part of India and the East] (Digitised archive copy, online, from biodiversitylibrary.org). Rumphia (in Latin). Vol. 3. pp. 91–204. Retrieved 10 Dec 2013.
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[94] Arytera, p. 169

[95] Atalaya, p. 186

[96] Cubilia, p. 100

[97] Dictyoneura, p. 163

[98] Jagera, p. 155

[99] Lepidopetalum, p. 171

[100] Macphersonia, p. 156

[101] Xerospermum, p. 99

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