List of South America tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
These are some notable tornadoes, tornado outbreaks, and tornado outbreak sequences that have occurred in South America.
Argentina
| Event | Date | Area | Tornadoes | Casualties | Notes | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rojas tornado | September 16, 1816 | Rojas, Buenos Aires Province | 1 | 21 fatalities, 82 injuries | One of the first registered tornadoes in Argentina, rated a F4.[1] | ||||||||||||||||
| Dolores tornado | 1874 | Dolores, Buenos Aires Province | 1 | 0 | Part of the city was destroyed. | ||||||||||||||||
| Arroyo Seco tornado | November 13, 1889 | Arroyo Seco, Santa fé Province | 1 | 10 fatalities, 80+ injuries | The south of Arroyo was destroyed, with only 5 homes undamaged. It was mentioned that freight train wagons flew through the air. Possibly an F4 tornado.[2] | ||||||||||||||||
| Bolívar tornado/storm | September 7, 1902 | Bolívar, Buenos Aires Province | 1 | 15-20 fatalities, 65 injured | The city of Bolívar was severely damaged by a severe storm or a strong tornado. | ||||||||||||||||
| Villa María tornado | November 12, 1928 | Córdoba Province | 1 | 26 fatalities, 150 injured | The towns of Villa Maria and Villa Nueva were greatly affected by a tornado that caused great damage.[3][4] | ||||||||||||||||
| Chillar tornado | March 14, 1936 | Buenos Aires Province | 1 | 8-3 fatalities, 100 injured | The small town of Chillar and its rural area were heavily damaged by a tornado that destroyed dozens of houses and overturned automobiles and train cars. | ||||||||||||||||
| General San Martín tornado | October 27, 1965 | Chaco Province | 1 | 3 fatalities, 50 injuries | Half of General San Martín was destroyed. | ||||||||||||||||
| San Justo tornado[5] | 10 January 1973 | Santa Fe Province, Argentina | 1 | 63 fatalities, 350 injuries | Very large and extremely violent high-end F5 tornado; strongest tornado in the Southern Hemisphere.[2] | ||||||||||||||||
| Morteros tornado | 28 October 1978 | Morteros, Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina | 1 | 5 fatalities, 100 injured | One of the strongest tornadoes ever registered in Córdoba Province. It was rated as an F3.[2] | ||||||||||||||||
| Dolores tornado | November 25, 1985 | Argentina | 1 | 1 fatality, 30 injured | F3 tornado. | ||||||||||||||||
| 1993 Super Outbreak | 13 April 1993 | Buenos Aires Province, Argentina | ≥100 | 7 fatalities, 80 injuries | The outbreak of tornadoes in Buenos Aires in 1993 was an outbreak of more than ≥100 tornadoes that affected the southern part of Buenos Aires. It happened between the night of Tuesday, April 13 and 14. Located within the Corridor of the Tornadoes, this event was the largest wave recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, from the s. XX. Between the hour 20 and 24, an extraordinary system of severe storms affected the parties of Trenque Lauquen, Pehuajó, Hipólito Yrigoyen, Carlos Casares, Bolívar, Daireaux, General Lamadrid, Olavarría, Tapalqué, Azul, Laprida, Benito Juárez, Tandil, Necochea, Lobería, Balcarce, General Alvarado and General Pueyrredon. The most affected localities were Henderson (F3), Urdampilleta (F3) and Mar del Plata (F2).This succession of tornadoes had intensities from F0 to F3 and produced severe damage along strips oriented from northwest to southeast. The local area affected was greater than 4,000 square kilometres (1,500 sq mi).[6][7][2] | ||||||||||||||||
| Estacion Lopez tornado | May 6, 1992 | Buenos Aires Province, Argentina | 1 | 4 fatalities | F4 tornado.[2] | ||||||||||||||||
| Guernica tornadoes (2000) | 26 December 2000 | Guernica, Dolores and Chascomus, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina | 12 | 1 fatality, 51 injuries | The towns of Guernica and Chascomus were destroyed. Fifteen homes were severely damaged in the town of Dolores. F2 and F3 tornadoes[8][7][2] | ||||||||||||||||
| 2001 Guernica tornadoes | January 10, 2001 | Guernica and Glew, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina | 2 | 5 fatalities, 250 injuries | Guernica was destroyed once again by an F3 tornado.[2] | ||||||||||||||||
| Córdoba tornado | 26 December 2003 | Córdoba, Argentina | 1 | 5 fatalities, 90 injuries | An F3 tornado blew away 400 houses, 1000 trees, and 150 ceilings. The tornado lasted 24 minutes and swept away three neighborhoods, making it the longest-lasting tornado in the Southern Hemisphere.[2] | ||||||||||||||||
| 2006 Chivilcoy tornadoes | January 7, 2006 | Chivilcoy, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina | 5 | 1 fatality, 9 injuries | 23 structures were destroyed by an F2 in Chivilcoy.[9][2] | ||||||||||||||||
| Buenos Aires, Argentina waterspouts | March 1, 2008 | Buenos Aires, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina | 2 | - | Two tornadic waterspouts formed over the La Plata river. | ||||||||||||||||
| Tornado outbreak of September, 7 | September 7, 2009 | Misiones, Argentina | ≥20 | 17 fatalities, >250 injuries | The tornado outbreak in Argentina in 2009 was an outbreak of more than ≥20 confirmed tornadoes that occurred on the night of September 7 and violently affected the northeast of Misiones and Southern Brazil. The event reached and destroyed several localities. It is estimated that at least 17 people died and more than 250 people were injured. Many other cities were destroyed and damaged by tornadoes.
Around 8:30 p.m. on September 7, a supercell produced an F4 tornado that destroyed the city of San Pedro. The event was accompanied by a violent storm of hail and rain. The tornado lasted approximately 5 minutes. It had a width of 1 kilometre (3,300 ft) and its route exceeded 10 kilometres (6.2 mi). At least 11 people died and another 100 people were injured in San Pedro. The amount of tornadoes that affected the area is comparable to the size of the province of Tucumán in Argentina. It is estimated that a total of 17 people died and just over 250 injured. Regardless of tornadoes, other adverse storm phenomena also produced damage in a large area. Reconstruction of villages, towns and cities took several years and it was noted that some could never be reclaimed.[2]
| ||||||||||||||||
| Junin, Buenos Aires | October 16, 2010 | Buenos Aires, Argentina | 1 | 0 fatalities | F2 tornado. | ||||||||||||||||
| 2011 Chaco tornado | January 26, 2011 | Laboulaye, Córdoba | 1 | 6 injuries | On January 26, 2011, a tornado formed over Laboulaye Córdoba, which caused damage of between 50 and 100 roofs. There were only six injuries. The trail of destruction of the tornado was 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) long and 250 metres (820 ft) wide. The tornado was rated F1/F2. | ||||||||||||||||
| 2012 Buenos Aires tornadoes and derecho event | April 4, 2012 | Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires | 5 | ~17 fatalities | On April 4, 2012, Greater Buenos Aires was hit by a very severe thunderstorm and a derecho, which produced 5 tornadoes with F1 and F2 intensities. Seventeen fatalities were reported in various locations.[10][2] | ||||||||||||||||
Brazil
| Event | Date | Area | Tornadoes | Casualties | Notes | F# | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chavantes and Ourinhos tornado | September 14, 1921 | Chavantes-Ourinhos, São Paulo | 1 | 7 fatalities | Rural areas of Chavantes and Ourinhos (São Paulo state) were significantly affected by a high-end F3 tornado that completely destroyed several residences and other buildings, killing 7 people.[11] | F3 | |||||||||||||||
| Canoinhas tornado | May 16, 1948 | Canoinhas, Santa Catarina | 1 | 23 fatalities | The northern region was hit by a high-end F3 tornado in the interior of the municipality of Canoinhas on May 16, causing the deaths of 23 people and several animals.[11][12] | F3-F4 | |||||||||||||||
| 1959 Southern Brazil tornado outbreak and derecho event | August 12–14, 1959 | Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná | Several | ≥60 fatalities, ≥200 injured | Extremely violent QLCS tornado outbreak, caused by a derecho event that crossed all the three states of Southern Brazil. Several violent long-tracked (F2-F4) tornadoes were reported across various municipalities. Tornadoes were confirmed in Veranópolis (F3), Canoinhas (F3-F4), Palmas (F4), Lapa (F3), Taió (F2), Lajes (F2), Papanduva (F3), União da Vitória (F3), Porto União (F3), etc. Hundreds of localities were affected by tornadoes and extreme downbursts, resulting in many fatalities. | F0-F4 | |||||||||||||||
| Maravilha tornado | October 9, 1984 | Maravilha, Santa Catarina | 1 | 5 fatalities, 400 injuries | The F2 tornado caused destruction in most of the town. 980 people were made homeless, and losses calculated at the time were at 9.12 billion Cruzeiros, in addition to more than 400 injured and 5 dead.[11] | F2 | |||||||||||||||
| 1991 Canoinhas/Três Barras tornado | August 16, 1991 | Canoinhas, Três Barras (Santa Catarina) | 1 | ? | Concrete homes were fully leveled. | F4 | |||||||||||||||
| Itu tornado | September 30, 1991 | Itu, São Paulo | 1 | 16 fatalities, 350 injuries | A low-end F4 tornado left the town devastated, tumbling a bus, destroying more than 2,000 houses, killing 16 people, and injuring 350.[11] | F4 | |||||||||||||||
| Almirante Tamandaré tornado | May 17, 1992 | Almirante Tamandaré, Paraná, Brazil | 1 | 6 fatalities, 105 injuries | Massive damage reported.[11] | F3 | |||||||||||||||
| Campinas tornado | November 28, 1995 | Campinas, São Paulo | 1 | 1 fatality, +3 injuries | F3 tornado. Several buildings in the region were destroyed, including the Unicamp convention center.[11][12] | F3 | |||||||||||||||
| Nova Laranjeiras tornado | June 13, 1997 | Nova Laranjeiras, Paraná | 1 | 3 fatalities, 76 injuries | The municipality of Nova Laranjeiras had its urban and rural areas destroyed by a low-end F4 tornado. A total of 200 homes, as well as commercial points and public agencies, were destroyed.[11] | F4 | |||||||||||||||
| Viamão tornado | October 11, 2000 | Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul (Águas Claras) | ~1 | 1 fatality | A low-end F3 tornado touched down in the night in the locality of Águas Claras (Viamão) and destroyed more than 100 homes and killed 1 person. Several other tornadoes were reported across the state, according to a researcher.[11][12] | F3 | |||||||||||||||
| Metropolitan Region of Campinas tornado | May 4, 2001 | Sumaré, Americana, Paulínia, Itatiba, Campinas, Santa Bárbara d'Oeste | 1 | 1 fatality | An F3 tornado left one person dead. Damage in excess of R$30 million. It's possible that this event was a tornado outbreak.[11][12] | F3 | |||||||||||||||
| Palmital and Lençóis Paulista tornadoes | May 25, 2004 | Palmital, São Paulo | 1 | 4 fatalities, 25 injuries | A wedge F3 tornado crashed a bus and destroyed homes, leaving 4 dead and 25 injured. Another wedge tornado (F2) left a giant and visible scar in rural areas of Lençóis Paulista.[11][12] | F3 | |||||||||||||||
| Criciúma twin tornadoes | January 3, 2005 | Criciúma, Santa Catarina | 2 | 1 fatality | Criciúma was affected by two tornadoes in less than a day. Several residences were completely destroyed. Fire hazards originating from short circuits also affected the town.[11][12] | F2 | |||||||||||||||
| 2005 São Paulo tornado outbreak | May 24–25, 2005 | São Paulo | 10 | 1 fatality, ~11 injuries | Outbreak of intense supercell thunderstorms that produced 10 confirmed tornadoes in the state of São Paulo, causing intense destruction in many localities. A multi-vortex high-end F3 (possibly low-end F4) tornado was recorded in Indaiatuba, and an F2 tornado in Itatiba.[13][14][11][12] | F3-F4 | |||||||||||||||
| 2009 Southern Brazil tornado outbreak and derecho event | September 6–8, 2009 | Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo | ≥20 | ≥10 fatalities, ≥100 injured | Extremely intense QLCS outbreak of tornadoes, produced by an intense derecho. Hundreds of municipalities from these three states were affected by intense hailstorms, violent downbursts (≥150 km/h) and several devastating tornadoes. The municipality of Guaraciaba (Santa Catarina) was devastated by an very high-end F4 tornado (possibly borderline F5, as mild ground scouring was reported). The same supercell also produced more three F3 tornadoes that caused devastation in forests, near Guaraciaba. Intense tornadoes also occurred in Aceguá (FU), Pedras Altas (FU), Caiçara (FU), Victor Graeff (FU), Macieira (FU), Salto Veloso (F2), Santa Cecília (F2), Primeiro de Maio (F2), etc. Another unrated strong tornado was also confirmed by IPMET in Echaporã and Platina (state of São Paulo).[11][12][15] | F4 | |||||||||||||||
| Taquarituba rain-wrapped tornado | September 22, 2013 | Taquarituba, São Paulo | 1 | 2 fatalities, 64 injuries | Over 200 homes completely destroyed. Rated low-end F3. | F3 | |||||||||||||||
| Erebango tornado | April 12, 2014 | Rio Grande do Sul | 1 | 1 fatality, 4 injuries | A tornado that destroyed homes and left people homeless. A total of about 300 residences were damaged in Erebango. | F2 | |||||||||||||||
| Santa Catarina rain-wrapped tornadoes | April 20, 2015 | Xanxerê, Passos Maia, Ponte Serrada | 2 | 4 fatalities, ~120 injuries | Two tornadoes produced by the same supercell, rated at F3 and F1 respectively. Three localities in Santa Catarina (Passos Maia, Xanxerê and Ponte Serrada) were affected. More than 2600 residences were significantly destroyed. 4 people were killed directly, and ~120 were injured.
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| Santa Catarina and Paraná tornadoes | November 19, 2015 | Paraná, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul | 4 | 20 injuries | Two high-end F2 tornadoes confirmed in Chapecó (Santa Catarina) and Marechal Cândido Rondon (Paraná). A weak high-end F0 tornado was reported in Treze Tílias (Santa Catarina). Another violent F2 tornado was confirmed in Alpestre (Rio Grande do Sul).
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| 2016 São Paulo tornado outbreak | June 5–6, 2016 | Campinas, Jarinu, São Roque, Atibaia, Jundiaí, Itupeva, Vargem Grande Paulista | ~7 | ~1 fatality, many injured | An episode of severe thunderstorms produced a violent F2 tornado that severely affected Jarinu on the dawn of June 6, 2016. One person died and another 50 were injured. Many residences were completely destroyed (no roofs, walls, broken glass, etc.), and most of the trees were cut in half and the power poles were destroyed. An extra fact is that the wind dragged an 18-ton truck a few yards.
It was revealed that the damage had passed R$18 million. In Campinas, several unrated tornadoes and multiple severe downbursts were reported. In São Roque, an unrated tornado affected the region, destroying hundreds of trees, power poles and many residences.
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| Presidente Getúlio tornado outbreak | June 12, 2017 | Rio Grande do Sul | 11 | Unknown | 11 tornado tracks identified by multiple researchers. Strongest tornado was an F2. | ||||||||||||||||
| Southern Brazil tornadoes | June 10–12, 2018 | Rio Grande do Sul | ~3 | 2 fatalities, many injured | High-precipitation supercell thunderstorms produced by a low pressure system in Argentina produced tornadoes in Southern Brazil and in the province of Misiones (Argentina). Two high-end F3 tornadoes produced by the same supercell, tracked through several municipalities (Ciríaco, Tapejara, Água Santa, Sarandi) of Rio Grande do Sul, causing two deaths and leaving more than a thousand damaged homes. In the municipality of Água Santa, the tornado destroyed at least 10 aviaries causing the death of more than 220 thousand chickens. 24 Gaucho municipalities were hit by the storm and 2,630 homes were affected. Another tornado struck Nova Conquista, a locality in the municipality of Chiapetta, but the tornado was of low intensity (F0) and caused no damage. The system also produced destructive hailstorms and downbursts across the state.[16]
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| Itaperuçu rain-wrapped tornado | November 30, 2018 | Itaperuçu, Paraná | 1 | 2 fatalities | A violent rain-wrapped F2 tornado struck the city of Itaperuçu, Paraná, destroying more than 300 homes, health posts, and schools, and leaving two dead. A car was thrown against the wall of a house. This event was documented by the PREVOTS group.[16] | ||||||||||||||||
| 2020 Santa Catarina rain-wrapped tornadoes | June 10-11, 2020 | São Miguel do Oeste, Descanso, Belmonte, Caçador | 3 | Unknown | Three tornadoes confirmed across Santa Catarina state, one of them affecting Descanso-Belmonte (F2) causing severe damage to the municipality. An unrated, but damaging tornado, was also confirmed in Caçador. A small tornado also formed over São Miguel do Oeste without causing damage.[16] | F2 | |||||||||||||||
| 2020 Santa Catarina tornadoes | August 14, 2020 | Irineópolis, Tangará | ~2 | 16 injuries | Two severe tornadoes, produced by a HP supercell, across two municipalities of Santa Catarina state (Irineópolis/F2 and Tangará/F3). Severe tree damage and multiple homes destroyed in both municipalities.[16] | F3 |
Chile
| Event | Date | Area | Tornadoes | Casualties | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| San Carlos tornado | 31 May 2013 | San Carlos, Chile | 1 | 1 injury | Damaged a school and some houses. Blew off roofs. |
| Los Ángeles tornado | 30 May 2019 | Los Ángeles, Chile | 1 | 16 injuries | A tornado overturned vehicles and damaged more than 120 homes in the northern part of Los Angeles.[17] |
| Biobío tornado | 31 May 2019 | Talcahuano and Concepción, Chile | 1 | 1 fatality, 24 injuries | A tornadic waterspout caused casualties and damaged at least 546 homes.[18] |
Colombia
| Event | Date | Area | Tornadoes | Casualties | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soledad,
Colombia tornado |
1 June 2001 | Soledad, Atlantico | 1 | 2 fatalities, 300 injuries | Those affected by the tornado that hit the Municipality of Soledad in the Metropolitan Area of Barranquilla took refuge in public schools, leaving two dead, 300 injured, and more than 500 houses cleared. |
| Soledad, Colombia
Tornado |
23 June
2008 |
Soledad, Atlántico | 1 | 15 injuries, including 3 children | The natural phenomenon caused material damage in Kennedy and Josefa Donado schools when students received classes, resulting in three children injured when the roof of one of the educational institutions fell.
500 homes were affected on their roofs. |
| Soledad, Colombia Watersprout | 11 August 2010 | Soledad, Atlántico | 1 | None reported | No reports of damage or injuries |
| Barranquilla, Colombia tornado | 15 September 2006 | Barranquilla, Colombia | 1 | 13 injuries | F2 tornado |
| Bogotá, Colombia tornado | 6 November 2007 | Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia | 1 | 1 injury | Roofs were torn off of buildings, including a car dealership. Windows were blown out and trees were uprooted. 1 person was injured. |
| El Rosal, Colombia landspout | 3 September 2018 | El Rosal, Cundinamarca | 1 | None reported | Strong winds hit the municipality of Tenjo, Cundinamarca, leaving 31 homes without roof and several fallen trees on vehicles and power cables, as well as a service station, two restaurants and a school affected.
The winds also felt strongly in the northwest of Bogotá, exactly on 80th Street, at the height of the Guadua Bridge, where citizens recorded a kind of tornado that raised tiles, stones, and sticks, among other objects. No injured people were reported, but 200 people were affected by the landspout. |
| Yopal, Colombia tornado | August 26, 2018 | Citadel La Bendicion, near Yopal, Casanare | 1 | 1 injury | The strong tornado hit the residents of the citadel of La Bendición, leaving a balance of approximately 250 people from 70 affected families, and 65 damaged houses, of which more than 50 are considered destroyed. |
| Riohacha-Valledupar, Colombia tornado | 13 September 2015 | On the road between Riohacha and Valledupar | 1 | Unknown | In a YouTube video published by the user Shcastro, there is an apparent tornado on the road that leads from Riohacha to Valledupar.
It is visualized that in the distance a very strong storm develops that had the ability to create the eddy, which did not cause damage due to its occurrence in an open field. |
| La Ceja, Colombia tornado | 14
September 2018 |
La Ceja, Antioquia | 1 | Unknown | Heavy rains in the municipality of La Ceja, Antioquia caused flooding in several neighborhoods in the urban area and damage to crops in rural areas.
During the rainfall, residents of La Ceja recorded what appears to be a tornado of small proportions, something unusual in the region. |
Paraguay
| Event | Date | Area | Tornadoes | Casualties | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| San Javier, Paraguay tornado | 8 April 2018 | Paraguay | 1 | 2 fatalities, some injuries | On the evening of April 8, a strong tornado struck the small village of San Javier, Paraguay, located just north of San Ignacio. A church and some small brick homes were leveled, and several other structures sustained significant damage, including the town clinic, school, and police station. Many trees were snapped or uprooted, two people were killed, and others were injured.[19] |
Uruguay
| Event | Date | Area | Tornadoes | Casualties | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vichadero tornado | 25 October 1968 | Vichadero, Uruguay | - | 1 fatality, 12 injuries | [20] |
| Fray Marcos tornado | April 21, 1970 | Fray Marcos, Uruguay | 1 | 11 fatalities | F4. It was the strongest tornado in the history of Uruguay.[21] |
| Migues, Canelones | 27 January 2001 | Uruguay | 1 | 0 fatalities | F2/3 tornado |
| Canelones | March 10, 2002 | Uruguay | 1 | 2 fatalities | F2/3 tornado, $30 million damage. |
| Dolores tornado | 15 April 2016 | Dolores, Soriano, Uruguay | 1 | 5 fatalities, 250 injuries | An F3 tornado caused heavy damage to buildings in the city of Dolores, killing five people.[22] |
References
- "El Huracan de 1816". historiasderojas.com.ar. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
- Balbi, Mariano (December 2018). Evaluación del Potencial de Tornados en la República Argentina (PDF). Buenos Aires (Argentina): Buenos Aires University. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.35047.80801. Retrieved 2023-09-23.
- "Aquel ciclón fatídico". eldiariocba.com.ar. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
- "El ciclón del 28 en Caras y Caretas". eldiariocba.com.ar. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
- "Tornadoes in Argentina". Tornadoproject.com. Archived from the original on 2014-01-13. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
- A 25 años de la noche de los tornados | La Pampa La Arena
- El pasillo de los tornados, la zona inestable de Sudamérica - 18/04/2016 - EL PAÍS Uruguay
- "Ver Tema - Tiempo severo y tornados 26/12/2000". Foro.gustfront.com.ar. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
- "Ver Tema - Tornado F2 de Chivilcoy 07/01/2006". Foro.gustfront.com.ar. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
- "A siete años de los tornados que afectaron Buenos Aires". Meteored.com.ar | Meteored (in Spanish). 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
- Candido, Daniel Henrique (2012). "Tornados e trombas-d'água no Brasil : modelo de risco e proposta de escala de avaliação de danos". Tornadoes and waterspouts in Brazil. Campinas, SP: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências. p. 236. doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2012.901142. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- Bertoni, Bruno Gomez Leguizamon (2013). "Dissertação Bruno Bertoni" (PDF). Estudos de caso de tornados, uso e ocupação do solo, topografia e análise meteorológica destes eventos atmosféricos no sul e sudeste do Brasil. São Paulo: Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Ambiental) - Ciência Ambiental, Universidade de São Paulo. doi:10.11606/D.90.2013.tde-02052013-160126. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- "• Multi-Vortex tornado in Sao-Paulo". Archived from the original on January 11, 2006.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - IPMet – Banco de Desastres Naturais
- http://blogeonat.blogspot.com/2009/09/tornado-por-ter-atingido-echapora-e.html
- "PREVOTS (REVOT/PRETS)", Rede Voluntária de Observadores de Tempestades (REVOT), Plataforma de Registros de Tempo Severo (PRETS), REVOT/PRETS, retrieved 2023-09-22
- "Rare tornado hits central Chile, injuring at least 16". BNO News. May 30, 2019.
- infobae News, Chile (May 31, 2019). "Un muerto, 24 heridos y 546 viviendas afectadas dejó el paso de un tornado por el sur de Chile". Retrieved June 1, 2019.
- "Paraguay tornado claims life of young church member".
- Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001). The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 259. ISBN 0806135387.
- "50 años del tornado de Fray Marcos" [50 years of the Fray Marcos tornado.]. cw33florida.uy (in Spanish). 21 April 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- "Powerful Tornado Strikes Uruguay, Killing 4 and Injuring Hundreds". weather.com. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
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