SpaceX Starship flight tests

SpaceX Starship flight tests include 10 launches of prototypes of the Starship spacecraft on suborbital and low-altitude tests, and one orbital trajectory flight of the entire Starship launch vehicle with the Starship prototype atop the Super Heavy first-stage booster.[lower-alpha 1][1][2][3][4][5] Designed and operated by private manufacturer SpaceX, the flown prototypes of Starship so far are Starhopper, SN5, SN6, SN8, SN9, SN10, SN11, SN15 and Ship 24 stacked with Booster 7.[6][7]

Starship is planned to be a fully-reusable two-stage super heavy-lift launch vehicle.[8] Unusual for previous launch vehicle and spacecraft designs, the upper stage of Starship is intended to function both as a second stage to reach orbital velocity on launches from Earth, and also eventually[9] be used in outer space as an on-orbit long-duration spacecraft. It is being designed to take people to Mars and beyond into the Solar System.[10]

Starship test flights

Starship prototype tests can generally be classified into three main types. In proof pressure tests, the vehicle's tanks are pressurized with either gases or liquids to test their strength—sometimes deliberately until they burst. The vehicle then performs mission rehearsals, with or without fuel, to check the vehicle and ground infrastructure. Before a test flight, SpaceX loads the vehicle prototype with propellant and briefly fires its engines in a static fire test.[11]: 18–19  Alternatively, the engines' turbopump spinning can be tested without firing the engines, referred to as a spin prime test.[12]

Following successful testing, uncrewed flight tests and launches may take place. During a suborbital launch, Starship prototypes fly to a high altitude and then descend, landing either near the launch site or in the sea. During an orbital launch, Starship performs procedures as described in its mission profile.[11]: 19–22  The tests, flights, and launches of the Starship rocket have received significant media coverage due to SpaceX's relatively open approach to allowing outsiders to view the facilities.[13]

Suborbital campaign (2019–2021)
Flight
No.		 Date and time
(UTC)		 Vehicle Launch site[lower-alpha 2] Flight apogee Duration Launch Outcome Landing Outcome
- 3 April 2019 Starhopper <0.3 m (1 ft) ~3 seconds Success No attempt
The first firing of Starhopper and the first tethered hop (according to Musk[14][15]). The burn was a few seconds in duration and the vehicle was tethered to the ground. The vehicle might have lifted off the ground, but only to a very small height, and it was not possible to see the lift off in public video recordings of the test.[15][16]
- 5 April 2019 Starhopper 1 m (3.3 ft) ~5 seconds Success No attempt
Tethered hop which hit tether limits. Used a single Raptor SN2 engine.[1]
1 25 July 2019[17] Starhopper 20 m (65.6 ft)[2] ~22 seconds Success Success
First free (untethered) flight test. Single Raptor engine, SN6.
2 27 August 2019 22:00[3][18] Starhopper 150 m (492 ft)[3] ~1 minute[19] Success Success
Single Raptor engine, SN6. Starhopper was retired after this launch and used as a water tank at the production site.[3][20][21]
3 4 August 2020 23:57[22][23] SN5 Suborbital Pad A 150 m (492 ft)[22] ~45 seconds Success Success
Used a single Raptor engine, SN27.[24] Second 150-meter hop, and first hop of a full Starship prototype.[4]
4 3 September 2020 17:47[25] SN6 Suborbital Pad A 150 m (492 ft)[26] ~45 seconds Success Success
Used a single Raptor engine, SN29. Third 150-meter hop, and second hop of a full Starship prototype.[25]
5 9 December 2020[27] 22:45 SN8 Suborbital Pad A 12.5 km (41,000 ft)[28] 6 minutes, 42 seconds Success Failure
First high-altitude flight test. Used engines SN30, SN36, and SN42.[29] Vehicle successfully launched, ascended, performed the skydive descent maneuver, relit the engines fueled from header tanks, and steered to the landing pad.[28] The flip maneuver from horizontal descent to vertical was successful. However, a sudden pressure loss in the methane header tank caused by the flip maneuver reduced fuel supply and thrust, resulting in a hard landing and explosion.[28]
6 2 February 2021[30] 20:25 SN9 Suborbital Pad B 10 km (32,800 ft)[31][30][32] 6 minutes, 26 seconds[32] Success Failure
Three Raptor engines, including SN45 and SN49.[32][33][34][35] A Raptor failed to start due to a problem with its oxygen preburner, causing SN9 to over-rotate and hit the landing pad. Vehicle destroyed on impact.
7 3 March 2021[36][37] 23:15 SN10 Suborbital Pad A 10 km (32,800 ft)[38] 6 minutes, 24 seconds[39][lower-alpha 3] Success Partial success
SN10 experienced a non-destructive hard landing with a slight lean after the landing and a fire near the base of the rocket,[42] and then exploded eight minutes after landing.[38] SN10 did not decelerate enough, resulting in a hard landing damaging some legs and crushing part of the skirt. The cause was probably due to partial helium ingestion from the fuel header tank.[40]
8 30 March 2021 13:00[43] SN11 Suborbital Pad B 10 km (32,800 ft)[44] ~6 minutes[43] Success Failure
SN11 launched in heavy fog, and had engine issues during ascent (according to Elon Musk).[45] Vehicle exploded at T+5:49 shortly after beginning of landing burn, and debris began to fall around the launch site.[46][47] Musk stated that a "relatively small" methane leak caused a fire on one of the Raptor engines during ascent, causing the engine to experience a hard start when relit.[48]
9 5 May 2021 22:24[49] SN15 Suborbital Pad A 10 km (32,800 ft)[50] 5 minutes, 59 seconds Success Success
SN15 was a new iteration of prototype Starship with many upgrades over previous vehicles.[51] SN15 launched in overcast weather and achieved a soft landing, with a small fire starting near the base shortly after landing. The post-flight fire was out within 20 minutes, and SN15 was retired by the end of the month.[52][53]


Orbital campaign (2023–)

The first orbital flight test of Starship took place 20 April 2023 and ended in the destruction of the vehicle 4 minutes into the flight over the designated hazard area in the Gulf of Mexico.

Flight Date and time
(UTC)		 Vehicles Launch site[lower-alpha 4] Orbit Launch Outcome Booster Landing Spacecraft Landing
IFT-1 20 April 2023 13:33 S24/B7 Starbase Orbital Pad Transatmospheric[54] Failure Precluded
(controlled water touchdown)		 Precluded
(water impact)
The Starship Integrated Flight Test was the first flight of the full launch vehicle with both Super Heavy booster and Starship upper stage integrated. The booster lifted off with 3 engines out, with at least three more engines shutting down during the flight. The vehicle eventually entered an uncontrolled spin before stage separation due to loss of thrust vector control. The flight termination system detonated explosives on the vehicle, with the intent to destroy the vehicle immediately. However, Starship and Super Heavy continued tumbling for over 40 seconds afterwards, before finally being compromised by aerodynamic forces and loss of tank pressure at T+3:59. Liftoff resulted in extensive damage to the orbital launch mount and the infrastructures around it, including the tank farm. Had the test flight proceeded to full duration, the booster would have performed a controlled touchdown in the Gulf of Mexico, and Starship would have entered a transatmospheric Earth orbit before reentering and performing a planned hard impact in the Pacific Ocean north of Hawaii.

Planned flights
Flight Date and time
(UTC)		 Vehicle Launch site[lower-alpha 5] Orbit Booster Landing Spacecraft Landing
IFT-2 NET November 2023[lower-alpha 6],[57][58] S25/B9[59][60] Starbase Orbital Pad Transatmospheric Planned
(controlled water touchdown)		 Planned
(water impact)
According to Elon Musk, SpaceX intended to perform "next test launch in a few months" after the first attempt in April 2023.[61] Its planned flight profile is similar to the first flight.

Future operational flights

SpaceX has on various occasions made a few public statements about preliminary ideas for future operational orbital flights using the Starship system. All dates for future flights are speculative, and therefore approximate and "no earlier than" (NET) dates. Moreover, it is difficult to compare the dates in the tables since they have come from different sources and at different times over the past three years.

Elon Musk has stated that Starship would fly hundreds of times before launching with humans.[9] A likely use of some of these flights would be to launch Starlink satellites.[62]

Date Vehicle Mission Notes
TBD Starship Crew Third Polaris Program Flight On behalf of Jared Isaacman, last flight of planned Polaris Program and first crewed mission of Starship.[63][lower-alpha 7]
TBD Starship Crew dearMoon As of 2018, the dearMoon project—an aspirational plan for a flyby loop around the Moon no earlier than 2023—was announced.[64][65]
TBD Starship Crew Unnamed As of 2022, Dennis and Akiko Tito are the first two crewmembers announced on Starship's second commercial spaceflight around the Moon. This will be Dennis' second mission to space after becoming the first commercial astronaut to visit the International Space Station in 2001, and Akiko will be among the first women to fly around the Moon on a Starship. The Titos joined the mission to contribute to SpaceX's long-term goal to advance human spaceflight and help make life multiplanetary.

Over the course of a week, Starship and the crew will travel to the Moon, fly within 200 km of the Moon's surface, and complete a full journey around the Moon before safely returning to Earth. Ten other seats on Starship remain unsold and are available. Tito said he was not at liberty to disclose the price he paid.[66]

NLT 2025[67] Starship HLS HLS Demo NASA demonstration mission for the Human Landing System prior to Artemis 3, announced in April 2021. Includes refueling and landing vehicles.
Starship Cargo (refueling)
NET 2025[68][69][70][71] Starship HLS Artemis 3 Human Landing System vehicle for Artemis Program. Date is dependent on many NASA Artemis program and SpaceX Starship development contingencies.
Starship Cargo (refueling)
NET Mid 2026 Starship Cargo Astrolab FLEX rover mission[72] Could be a rideshare. Flexible Logistics and Exploration (FLEX) rover will include 1,000 kilograms of customer payloads.
2027[73] Starship Cargo Superbird-9 Superbird-9 is a SKY Perfect JSAT's fully flexible HTS (High Throughput Satellites) mounted the payload missions to be configured and combined to match end-user needs. The satellite will be based on Airbus' standardised OneSat product line. Superbird-9 will be launched by SpaceX's Starship launch vehicle in 2027 to geosynchronous transfer orbit.[74][75]
NET 2027 Starship HLS On November 15, 2022, NASA announced it had awarded a contract to SpaceX as part of Option B of the Appendix H contract. This would allow SpaceX to use a second-generation Starship HLS design to conduct a Lunar Gateway-based demonstration mission as part of Artemis 4.[76]
NET 2024 Starship Cargo As of 2020, this was mentioned as the earliest potential cargo flight to Mars.[77]
NET 2029 Starship Crew
(Heart of Gold[78])		 As of March 2022, 2029 was mentioned as the earliest potential crewed flight to Mars.[79]

Orbital launch statistics

Other flights

The HLS variant of Starship was selected by NASA in April 2021 to be the lander for the Artemis missions to the Moon. Artemis 3 is intended to be the first human mission to the Moon to use Starship for long-duration crewed lunar landings as part of the Artemis program.

According to space journalist Mike Wall in 2020, and as part of SpaceX's Mars ambitions, Musk is said to envision that eventually more than 1,000 Starships could be needed to depart for Mars every 26 months, which could lead to the development of a sustainable Martian city in 50–100 years.[80]

Notes
  1. Not including tethered, short hops of Starhopper on 3 and 5 April 2019.
  2. All launches are from the same Boca Chica site. SpaceX started calling this Starbase from March 2021 after discussions called a "casual inquiry". See Boca Chica (Texas) § Starbase
  3. Despite making an intact landing and beginning the detanking procedures, the vehicle suffered an explosion several minutes later destroying the vehicle in the process. SpaceX called it a successful landing but later acknowledged a problem with lower-than-expected engine thrust causing a hard landing[40] way past leg loads[41] and the vehicle exploded.[37]
  4. All launches are from the same Boca Chica site. SpaceX started calling this Starbase from March 2021 after discussions called a "casual inquiry". See Boca Chica (Texas) § Starbase
  5. All launches are from the same Boca Chica site. SpaceX started calling this Starbase from March 2021 after discussions called a "casual inquiry". See Boca Chica (Texas) § Starbase
  6. The launch may be delayed to 2024 due to a reassessment by the FWS [55][56]
  7. The first (Polaris Dawn) and second mission of this program will be launched with Crew Dragon.

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