List of cancer clusters

This is a list of cancer clusters. A cancer cluster is a statistical event, which may or may not have a cause other than chance. There are other cancer clusters that occur without any obvious source of carcinogens.

North America
Date Disease Location Number of cases Cause References
1917–1927 Osteosarcoma New Jersey, Connecticut, Illinois 86 Radium [1][2]
1938–1971 Adenocarcinoma U.S. 750 Diethylstilbestrol [3][4]
 ?–2018 Various cancers St. Louis, Missouri 56 Uranium [5]
1967–1973 Liver angiosarcoma (Hemangiosarcoma) Louisville, Kentucky 4 Vinyl chloride monomer [6]
1968–1995 Leukemia, Lymphoma Camp Lejeune, North Carolina 13[note 1] Trichloroethylene
1,2-Dichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Methylene chloride
Vinyl chloride
Main article: Camp Lejeune water contamination
 [8][7]
1979–1996 Brain, CNS cancer Toms River, New Jersey 90+ SAN trimer
Styrene
Acrylonitrile		 [9][10][11]
1973–1986 Leukemia Woburn, Massachusetts 21 Chloroform
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
1,2-Dichloroethene
Arsenic		 [12][13]
1982–1984 Testicular cancer Fulton County, New York 3 Dimethylformamide (DMF)
2-Ethoxyethanol
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate
2-Butoxyethanol
 [14]
1987–1999 Brain cancer, Leukemia, Lymphoma Wilmington, Massachusetts 20 Unknown
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)		 [15][16][17]
1993–2008 Childhood brain cancer, brain tumors, colon cancer, anal cancer, rectal cancer, breast cancer. Also nervous system damaged. The Acreage, Florida Unknown Unknown
Some have linked it to a nearby Pratt and Whitney, Beach Aggregates, and the Florida crystals.		 [18]
1997–2002 Leukemia, rhabdomyosarcoma Fallon, Nevada 17 Unknown
Tungsten
Arsenic
Chlorpyrifos
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE)
Benzene in jet fuel		 [19][20][21][22]
1996–2013 Leukemia, Brain Tumors, lymphoma, Other Forms Clyde, Ohio 36, mostly children Unknown
Main article: Clyde cancer cluster
 [23]
1953–2010 wide range of cancers Shannon, Quebec 400 Trichloroethylene [24][25]
Europe
Date Disease Location Number of cases Cause References
1968–1995 Leukemia Seascale, Sellafield, England 9 Unsure
Studies indicate a correlation with paternal preconceptional irradiation (PPI)		 [26][27]
1978–1993 Leukemia La Hague, Normandy, France 27 Unknown
Speculated to be tritium		 [28][29]
1980s Leukemia, Brain tumors East Yorkshire, England 13 Polonium 210, Lead, Arsenic and other metal emitter; unproven link to Capper Pass tin smelter in Melton [30][31][32][33]
1990–2005 Leukemia Elbmarsch, Lower Saxony and Krümmel (Kruemmel), Geesthacht, Schleswig-Holstein in Germany 16 Unknown
Speculated to be actinide, especially Plutonium241 of unknown origin that was found in the area or tritium from a nearby nuclear power plant
See also: Elbmarsch § Cancer cluster
 [34][35]
India
Date Disease Location Number of cases Cause References
mid 1980s Skin Lesions, Arsenicosis West Bengal, India Unknown Arsenic [36]

Notes
  1. Out of 106 suspected health problems, 52 were confirmed, including 13 hematopoietic cancers and 39 birth defects.[7]

References
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  3. Jones, LA; Hajek, RA (1995). "Effects of estrogenic chemicals on development". Environmental Health Perspectives. 103 (Suppl 7): 63–7. doi:10.2307/3432510. JSTOR 3432510. PMC 1518876. PMID 8593877.
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  6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1997). "Epidemiologic notes and reports. Angiosarcoma of the liver among polyvinyl chloride workers--Kentucky. 1974". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 46 (5): 97–101. PMID 9045039.
  7. "Camp Lejeune, North Carolina: Health Study Activities Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)". US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). September 16, 2010. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
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  9. "CIBA-GEIGY CORP". US Environmental Protection Agency. December 14, 2004. Retrieved January 31, 2005.
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  12. "BEHA Reports - Woburn, Massachusetts". Massachusetts Department of Public Health and Bureau of Environmental Health Assessment. 1997. Retrieved January 31, 2005.
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  14. Centers for Disease Control (1989). "Testicular cancer in leather workers--Fulton County, New York". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 38 (7): 105–6, 111–4. PMID 2536886.
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  16. "Evaluation of Cancer Incidence data for the Town of Wilmington, Massachusetts 1987-1995" (PDF). Letter to the Wilmington Board of Health. Massachusetts Department of Public Health. August 2000. Retrieved January 31, 2005.
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  18. Malek, Mitra (September 13, 2010). "New data confirms Acreage cancer cluster; health officials puzzled on cause of children's ailments". The Palm Beach Post. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
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  20. Steinmaus, Craig; Lu, Meng; Todd, Randall L; Smith, Allan H (2004). "Probability estimates for the unique childhood leukemia cluster in Fallon, Nevada, and risks near other U.S. Military aviation facilities". Environmental Health Perspectives. 112 (6): 766–71. doi:10.1289/ehp.6592. PMC 1241974. PMID 15121523.
  21. "Nevada". U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Archived from the original on February 8, 2005. Retrieved January 31, 2005.
  22. Mullen, Frank (February 27, 2005). "Scientists zero in on tungsten as Fallon cancer cause". Reno Gazette-Journal.
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  24. "Quebec town demands compensation for tainted water". CBC News. June 10, 2009.
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  27. Dickinson, Heather O.; Parker, Louise (2002). "Leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children of male Sellafield radiation workers". International Journal of Cancer. 99 (3): 437–44. doi:10.1002/ijc.10385. PMID 11992415. S2CID 11111634.
  28. Pobel, D.; Viel, J.-F. (1997). "Case-control study of leukaemia among young people near La Hague nuclear reprocessing plant: The environmental hypothesis revisited". BMJ. 314 (7074): 101–6. doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7074.101. PMC 2125632. PMID 9006467.
  29. Seth, Anita (1997). "Leukemia Clusters Near La Hague and Sellafield" (PDF). Energy & Security. Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (4): 14.
  30. M S Baxter; B W East; A B MacKenzie; E M Scott (1990). A Review of radioactivity in and around the Capper Pass smelter, Melton Works, North Humberside, a report prepared for the East Yorkshire Health Authority, February 1990. Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre.
  31. "Radioactivity". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 176. House of Commons. 19 July 1990. col. 1278–1284. We cannot, in any way, attribute excess cancers to the practices at, or discharges from, the plant. All we can say in summary is that there is far too little information on which to form a sound judgment
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  34. Hoffmann, Wolfgang; Dieckmann, Helga; Dieckmann, Hayo; Schmitz-Feuerhake, Inge (1997). "A Cluster of Childhood Leukemia near a Nuclear Reactor in Northern Germany". Archives of Environmental Health. 52 (4): 275–80. doi:10.1080/00039899709602198. PMID 9210727.
  35. Brüske-Hohlfeld, I; Scherb, H; Bauchinger, M; Schmid, E; Fender, H; Wolf, G; Obe, G; Schmitz-Feuerhake, I; et al. (2001). "A cluster of childhood leukaemias near two neighbouring nuclear installations in Northern Germany: Prevalence of chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes". International Journal of Radiation Biology. 77 (1): 111–6. doi:10.1080/095530001453177. PMID 11213343. S2CID 25519650.
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