List of Antillian and Bermudan animals extinct in the Holocene

This list of Antillian and Bermudan animals extinct in the Holocene features animals known to have become extinct in the last 12,000 years on the Antilles archipelago and Bermuda (collectively known as the West Indies) between North America and South America.

Map of the West Indies

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals

Undated

**Holocene extinctions of unknown date**
Common name/scientific name	Range
Insulacebus toussaintiana	Southern Haiti[1]
Lemke's hutia Rhizoplagiodontia lemkei	Southern Haiti[1]

Prehistoric

**Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)**
Common name/scientific name	Extinction date	Range
Lesser Puerto Rican ground sloth Acratocnus odontrigonus	1738–1500 BCE[2]	Puerto Rico
Hispaniolan ground sloth Acratocnus ye	8540–1590 BCE[3]	Hispaniola
Hispaniola monkey Antillothrix bernensis	2035–1735 BCE[3]	Hispaniola
Plate-toothed giant hutia Elasmodontomys obliquus	511–407 BCE[4]	Puerto Rico
Cayman Islands geocapromys Geocapromys caymanensis	666-857[5]	Cayman Islands
Insular cave rat Heteropsomys insulans	772–870[4]	Puerto Rico
Cuban giant sloth Megalocnus rodens	2280–2240 BCE[6]	Cuba
Barbuda giant rice rat Megalomys audreyae	1173–1385[2]	Barbuda
Lesser Haitian ground sloth Neocnus comes	2480–2400 BCE[3]	Hispaniola
Haiti pine forest ground sloth Neocnus dousman	8540–1590 BCE[3]	Hispaniola
Neocnus toupiti	8540–1590 BCE[3]	Southern Haiti
Puerto Rican nesophontes Nesophontes edithae	1015–1147[4]	Puerto Rico
Cayman nesophontes Nesophontes hemicingulus	666–857[5]	Cayman Islands
Atalaye nesophontes Nesophontes hypomicrus	1175–1295[7]	Hispaniola
Greater Cuban nesophontes Nesophontes major	7043–6507 BCE[2]	Cuba
Western Cuban nesophontes Nesophontes micrus	1310–1410[3]	Cuba
St. Michel nesophontes Nesophontes paramicrus	1265–1400[7]	Hispaniola
Haitian nesophontes Nesophontes zamicrus	1295–1430[2]	Hispaniola
Giant ghost-faced bat Mormoops magna	7043–6503 BCE[2]	Cuba
Brown's ground sloth Parocnus brownii	3290–2730 BCE[8]	Cuba
Greater Haitian ground sloth Parocnus serus	8540–1590 BCE[3]	Hispaniola
Puerto Rican flower bat Phyllonycteris major	c. 1500 BCE[9]	Puerto Rico and Antigua
Lesser falcate-winged bat Phyllops vetus	40 BCE – 20 CE[10]	Cuba and Juventud
Xaymaca fulvopulvis	9390–8220 BCE[3]	Jamaica
Jamaican monkey Xenothrix mcgregori	439–473[11]	Jamaica

Recent

**Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)**
Common name/scientific name	Extinction date	Range
Anthony's fruit-eating bat Artibeus anthonyi	1957–1993[12]	Cuba
Oriente cave rat Boromys offella	16th century?[13]	Cuba
Torre's cave rat Boromys torrei	16th century?[14]	Cuba
Hispaniolan edible rat Brotomys voratus	1550-1670[15]	Hispaniola
Cayman Islands hutia Capromys sp.	1525-1625[15]	Cayman Islands
Cuban coney Geocapromys columbianus	16th century?[16]	Cuba
Little Swan Island hutia Geocapromys thoracatus	early 1950s[17]	Little Swan Island, Honduras
Imposter hutia Hexolobodon phenax	16th century?[18]	Hispaniola
Montane hutia Isolobodon montanus	16th century?[19]	Hispaniola
Puerto Rican hutia Isolobodon portoricensis	1525[20]	Hispaniola and Gonâve; introduced to Puerto Rico, Mona, and U.S. Virgin Islands
Martinique giant rice rat Megalomys desmarestii	1897[21]	Martinique
Saint Lucia giant rice rat Megalomys luciae	c. 1881[22]	Saint Lucia
Puerto Rican long-nosed bat Monophyllus plethodon frater	1851–1900[23]	Puerto Rico
Caribbean monk seal Neomonachus tropicalis	1952[24]	Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, and Gulf of Mexico
Saint Vincent pygmy rice rat Oligoryzomys victus	1892[25]	Saint Vincent
Jamaican rice rat Oryzomys antillarum	1877[26]	Jamaica
Barbados rice rat Oryzomys sp.	before 1890[3]	Barbados
Nevis rice rat Pennatomys nivalis	1930s?[27]	Saint Kitts and Nevis and Sint Eustatius
Samana hutia Plagiodontia ipnaeum	16th century?[28]	Hispaniola
Marcano's solenodon Solenodon marcanoi	16th century?[29]	Hispaniola

**Possibly extinct**
Common name/scientific name	Extinction date	Range	Image
Dwarf hutia Mesocapromys nanus	1951[30]	Ciénaga de Zapata, Cuba
San Felipe hutia Mesocapromys sanfelipensis	1978[31]	Key Juan García, Cuba

Local

**Locally extinct**
Common name/scientific name	Extinction date	Range	Image
Common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus	1957–1993[12]	From Mexico and Cuba to Uruguay

Birds

Undated

**Holocene extinctions of unknown date**
Common name/scientific name	Range	Image
Woodward's eagle Amplibuteo woodwardi	California to Florida and the Caribbean[32]
Cuban flightless crane Antigone cubensis	Cuba[32]
Cuban horned owl Bubo osvaldoi	Cuba[32]
Cuban titan-hawk Buteogallus borrasi	Cuba[32]
Asphalt stork Ciconia lydekkeri	From the United States to Argentina[32]
Cuban kestrel Falco kurochkini	Cuba[32]
Gallinago kakuki	Greater Antilles[32]
Suarez's giant eagle Gigantohierax suarezi	Cuba[32]
Cuban caracara Milvago carbo	Cuba[32]
Wetmore's stork Mycteria wetmorei	Southern United States and Cuba[32]
Cuban cursorial owl Ornimegalonyx oteroi	Cuba[32]
Cuban teratorn Oscaravis olsoni	Cuba[32]

Prehistoric

**Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)**
Common name/scientific name	Extinction date	Range
St. Croix macaw Ara autocthones	c. 1200–1500[33]	Saint Croix and Puerto Rico
Bahaman caracara Caracara creightoni	700–400 BCE[34]	Cuba and Bahamas
Puerto Rican quail-dove Geotrygon larva	after human settlement[35]	Puerto Rico
Cuban cave rail Nesotrochis picapicensis	760[32]	Cuba
Haitian cave rail Nesotrochis steganinos	5339–5474 BCE[36]	Hispaniola
Cuban spectacled owl Pulsatrix arredondoi	530–590[32]	Cuba
Hispaniola woodcock Scolopax brachycarpa	1320–1380[37]	Hispaniola
Cuban pauraque Siphonorhis daiquiri	7043–6507 BCE[2]	Cuba
Noel's barn owl Tyto noeli	1900–1600 BCE[32]	Cuba, Jamaica, and Bermuda
Jamaican ibis Xenicibis xympithecus	787 BCE – 320 CE[2]	Jamaica

Recent

**Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)**
Common name/scientific name	Extinction date	Range
Bermuda saw-whet owl Aegolius gradyi	1609–1610[35]	Bermuda
Jamaican wood rail Amaurolimnas concolor concolor	1881[35]	Jamaica
Martinique amazon Amazona martinicana	1779[38]	Martinique
Guadeloupe amazon Amazona violacea	1779[39]	Guadeloupe
Aruba amazon Amazona barbadensis canifrons	1944–1947[35]	Aruba
Culebra Island amazon Amazona vittata gracilipes	1899[35]	Culebra Island of Puerto Rico
Lesser Antillean macaw Ara guadeloupensis	1742[35]	Guadeloupe
Martinique macaw Ara martinicus	17th century	Martinique (hypothetical)
Cuban macaw Ara tricolor	1889[35]	Cuba and Juventud
Antiguan burrowing owl Athene cunicularia amaura	late 19th century[40]	Antigua and Barbuda
Guadeloupe burrowing owl Athene cunicularia guadeloupensis	late 19th century[40]	Guadeloupe
Bermuda hawk Bermuteo avivorus	1603[41]	Bermuda
Dwarf thick-knee Burhinus nanus	1460-1660[42]	Bahamas
Gonâve eastern chat-tanager Calyptophilus frugivorus abbotti	1977[35]	Gonâve Island, Haiti
Samaná eastern chat-tanager Calyptophilus frugivorus frugivorus	1982[35]	Samaná Peninsula, Dominican Republic
Cuban ivory-billed woodpecker Campephilus principalis bairdii	1987[43]	Cuba
Bermuda flicker Colaptes oceanicus	1623[35]	Bermuda
Virgin Islands screech owl Gymnasio nudipes newtoni	1936[35]	Virgin Islands
Grand Cayman oriole Icterus leucopteryx bairdi	1938[35]	Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands
St. Kitts bullfinch Melopyrrha grandis	1929[35]	Saint Kitts
Antillean cave rail Nesotrochis debooyi	1943?[35]	Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands
Bermuda night heron Nyctanassa carcinocatactes	1610[44]	Bermuda
Bermuda towhee Pipilio naufragus	1609–1610[35]	Bermuda
Guadeloupe parakeet Psittacara labati	1724[35]	Guadeloupe
Puerto Rican parakeet Psittacara maugei	1892[35]	Puerto Rico and Mona Island
Brace's emerald Riccordia bracei	1877[45]	New Providence, Bahamas
Gould's emerald Riccordia elegans	1860[46]	Jamaica?
Jamaican golden swallow Tachycineta euchrysea euchrysea	1989[35]	Jamaica
Guadeloupe house wren Troglodytes aedon guadeloupensis	1973[35]	Guadeloupe
Martinique house wren Troglodytes aedon martinicensis	1886[35]	Martinique
Grand Cayman thrush Turdus ravidus	1938[47]	Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands
Hispaniolan giant barn owl Tyto ostologa	1788?[35]	Hispaniola
Bahaman giant barn owl Tyto pollens	16th century?[35]	Cuba and Bahamas

**Possibly extinct**
Common name/scientific name	Extinction date	Range
Semper's warbler Leucopeza semperi	1961[48]	Saint Lucia mountains
Jamaican petrel Pterodroma caribbaea	1879[35]	Jamaica, and possibly Dominica and Guadeloupe
Jamaican poorwill Siphonorhis americana	1860[49]	Jamaica
Bachman's warbler Vermivora bachmanii	1988[50]	Southeastern United States and Cuba

Local

**Locally extinct**
Common name/scientific name	Extinction date	Range
Red-shouldered hawk Buteo lineatus	Late Holocene[32]	Northeastern Mexico, eastern United States and Canada, Cuba, and Bahamas
Aplomado falcon Falco femoralis	Late Holocene[32]	From New Mexico to Patagonia
Black-chested buzzard-eagle Geranoaetus melanoleucus	Late Holocene[32]	South America and Cuba
Bare-throated tiger heron Tigrisoma mexicanum	Late Holocene[32]	Coastal Central America and Cuba

Reptiles

**Prehistoric extinctions (beginning of the Holocene to 1500 CE)**
Common name/scientific name	Extinction date	Range
Bahaman tortoise Chelonoidis alburyorum	1170[51]	Bahamas
Mona Island tortoise Chelonoidis monensis	c. 1050 BCE[52]	Mona Island of Puerto Rico
Leeward Islands curlytail Leiocephalus cuneus	c. 1500 BCE[9]	Antigua and Barbuda

**Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)**
Common name/scientific name	Extinction date	Range
Saint Croix racer Borikenophis sanctaecrucis	c. 1900[53]	Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands
Navassa Island iguana Cyclura cornuta onchiopsis	1878[54]	Navassa Island
Navassa curly-tailed lizard Leiocephalus eremitus	19th century[55]	Navassa Island
Martinique curlytail lizard Leiocephalus herminieri	1837[56]	Martinique
Guadeloupe ameiva Pholidoscelis cineraceus	1914[57]	Guadeloupe

**Possibly extinct**
Common name/scientific name	Extinction date	Range
Virgin Islands giant anole Anolis roosevelti	1932[58]	Vieques, Culebra, Saint John, and Tortola
Jamaica giant galliwasp Celestus occiduus	1851[59]	Jamaica
Martinique giant ameiva Pholidoscelis major	20th century	Probably Les Iles de la Petite Terre, Guadeloupe (rather than Martinique)
Navassa Island dwarf boa Tropidophis bucculentus	late 19th century[60]	Navassa Island

Amphibians

**Possibly extinct**
Common name/scientific name	Extinction date	Range	Image
Golden coquí Eleutherodactylus jasperi	1981[61]	Sierra de Cayey, Puerto Rico
Web-footed coquí Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti	1976[62]	Puerto Rican mountains

Insects

**Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)**
Common name/scientific name	Extinction date	Range	Image
Sloane's Urania butterfly Urania sloanus	c. 1895[63]	Jamaica lowlands

Arachnids

**Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)**
Common name/scientific name	Extinction date	Range	Image
Caribbean monk seal nasal mite Halarachne americana	1952?[64]	Caribbean Sea
Tityus exstinctus	1890[65]	Martinique

Molluscs

**Holocene extinctions of unknown date**
Common name/scientific name	Range
Amphicyclotulus guadeloupensis	Guadeloupe[66]
Incerticyclus cinereus	Martinique[67]
Incerticyclus martinicensis	Martinique[68]
Oleacina guadeloupensis	Guadeloupe[69]

**Recent extinctions (1500 CE to present)**
Common name/scientific name	Extinction date	Range
Pleurodonte desidens	1834[70]	Martinique

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Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. A.G.J. Rhodin, P.C.H. Pritchard, P.P. van Dijk, R.A. Saumure, K.A. Buhlmann, J.B. Iverson, and R.A. Mittermeier, Eds. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000e.fossil.checklist.v1.2015
Platenberg, R.; Powell, R. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Borikenophis sanctaecrucis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40791A115177079. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T40791A71740001.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
Powell, R. (2011). "Cyclura onchiopsis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T173001A6955940. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T173001A6955940.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
Inchaustegui, S.; Landestoy, M.; Powell, R. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Leiocephalus eremitus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T11388A115102107. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T11388A71739619.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
Powell, R. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Leiocephalus herminieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T11389A115102240. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T11389A71739645.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
Dewynter, M. (2017) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Pholidoscelis cineraceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T1119A121639617. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T1119A121639617.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
Platenberg, R.; de Queiroz, K.; Mahler, D.L. (2020). "Anolis roosevelti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T1319A18967413. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T1319A18967413.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
Wilson, B.S.; Hedges, B. (2020) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Celestus occiduus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T4097A181348221. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T4097A181348221.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
Landestoy, M.; Inchaustegui, S.; Powell, R.; Henderson, R.W. (2021). "Tropidophis bucculentus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T75606372A75607979. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T75606372A75607979.en. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2021). "Eleutherodactylus jasperi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T7142A172793582. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T7142A172793582.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2021). "Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T7146A172793731. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T7146A172793731.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
Flach, T. (2017) Endangered. Abrams, 336 pages.
Seal, West Indian Monk. Published 13 July 2004 by the American Society of Mammalogists.
Lourenço, W. R. (1995). The remarkable discovery of a new and extinct species of Tityus from Martinique in Lesser Antilles (Chelicerata, Scorpiones, Buthidae). Anales de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Zoológica, 66(1), 27–32.
Bouchet, P. (1996). "Amphicyclotulus guadeloupensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T1164A3300027. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T1164A3300027.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
Bouchet, P. (1996). "Incerticyclus cinereus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T10815A3218955. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10815A3218955.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
Bouchet, P. (1996). "Incerticyclus cinereus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T10815A3218955. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10815A3218955.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
Bouchet, P. (1996). "Oleacina guadeloupensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T15191A4501196. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T15191A4501196.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
Bouchet, P. (2000). "Pleurodonte desidens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T17708A7352120. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17708A7352120.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.

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[29] Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2018). "Solenodon marcanoi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T20322A22327069. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T20322A22327069.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.

[30] Young, R.; Kennerley, R.; Turvey, S.T.; Borotto-Páez, R. (2020) [amended version of 2018 assessment]. "Mesocapromys nanus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13217A166518354. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T13217A166518354.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.

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[Hume-35] Hume, J.P. (2017) Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing, 560 pages.

[36] Oswald, J. A., Terrill, R. S., Stucky, B. J., LeFebvre, M. J., Steadman, D. W., Guralnick, R. P., & Allen, J. M. (2021). Ancient DNA from the extinct Haitian cave-rail (Nesotrochis steganinos) suggests a biogeographic connection between the Caribbean and Old World. Biology letters, 17(3), 20200760.

[37] Steadman, D. W., & Takano, O. M. (2013). A late-Holocene bird community from Hispaniola: refining the chronology of vertebrate extinction in the West Indies. The Holocene, 23(7), 936–944.

[38] BirdLife International (2016). "Amazona martinicana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728705A94994181. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728705A94994181.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.

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[45] BirdLife International (2016). "Chlorostilbon bracei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22687333A93148138. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22687333A93148138.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.

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[Bachman-50] "Bachman's Warbler". South Florida Multi-species Recovery Plan (PDF). US Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region. 1999. pp. 445–454.

[51] Kehlmaier, C., Barlow, A., Hastings, A. K., Vamberger, M., Paijmans, J. L., Steadman, D. W., ... & Fritz, U. (2017). Tropical ancient DNA reveals relationships of the extinct Bahamian giant tortoise Chelonoidis alburyorum. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284(1846), 20162235.

[Rhodin-52] Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. A.G.J. Rhodin, P.C.H. Pritchard, P.P. van Dijk, R.A. Saumure, K.A. Buhlmann, J.B. Iverson, and R.A. Mittermeier, Eds. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000e.fossil.checklist.v1.2015

[53] Platenberg, R.; Powell, R. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Borikenophis sanctaecrucis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40791A115177079. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T40791A71740001.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.

[54] Powell, R. (2011). "Cyclura onchiopsis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T173001A6955940. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T173001A6955940.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.

[55] Inchaustegui, S.; Landestoy, M.; Powell, R. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Leiocephalus eremitus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T11388A115102107. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T11388A71739619.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.

[56] Powell, R. (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Leiocephalus herminieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T11389A115102240. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T11389A71739645.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.

[57] Dewynter, M. (2017) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Pholidoscelis cineraceus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T1119A121639617. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T1119A121639617.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.

[Anolis-58] Platenberg, R.; de Queiroz, K.; Mahler, D.L. (2020). "Anolis roosevelti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T1319A18967413. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T1319A18967413.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.

[59] Wilson, B.S.; Hedges, B. (2020) [amended version of 2017 assessment]. "Celestus occiduus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T4097A181348221. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T4097A181348221.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.

[tropidophis-60] Landestoy, M.; Inchaustegui, S.; Powell, R.; Henderson, R.W. (2021). "Tropidophis bucculentus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T75606372A75607979. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T75606372A75607979.en. Retrieved 13 May 2022.

[61] IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2021). "Eleutherodactylus jasperi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T7142A172793582. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T7142A172793582.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.

[62] IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2021). "Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T7146A172793731. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T7146A172793731.en. Retrieved 8 August 2021.

[63] Flach, T. (2017) Endangered. Abrams, 336 pages.

[64] Seal, West Indian Monk. Published 13 July 2004 by the American Society of Mammalogists.

[65] Lourenço, W. R. (1995). The remarkable discovery of a new and extinct species of Tityus from Martinique in Lesser Antilles (Chelicerata, Scorpiones, Buthidae). Anales de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Zoológica, 66(1), 27–32.

[66] Bouchet, P. (1996). "Amphicyclotulus guadeloupensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T1164A3300027. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T1164A3300027.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.

[67] Bouchet, P. (1996). "Incerticyclus cinereus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T10815A3218955. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10815A3218955.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.

[68] Bouchet, P. (1996). "Incerticyclus cinereus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T10815A3218955. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10815A3218955.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.

[69] Bouchet, P. (1996). "Oleacina guadeloupensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T15191A4501196. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T15191A4501196.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.

[70] Bouchet, P. (2000). "Pleurodonte desidens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000: e.T17708A7352120. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17708A7352120.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.

List of Antillian and Bermudan animals extinct in the Holocene

Mammals

Undated

Prehistoric

Recent

Local

Birds

Undated

Prehistoric

Recent

Local

Reptiles

Amphibians

Insects

Arachnids

Molluscs

See also

References