List of marine protected areas

A marine protected area (MPA) is a protected area that includes primarily marine environment and biodiversity.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines a protected area as:

"A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values."[1][2]

This definition is intended to make it more difficult to claim MPA status for regions where exploitation of marine resources occurs. If there is no defined long-term goal for conservation and ecological recovery and extraction of marine resources occurs, a region is not a marine protected area.[2]

As of June 2019 there are 14,830 marine protected areas with a total area of 27,495,595 km2 (10,616,109 sq mi) representing 7.59% of the ocean.[3]

Africa

Mozambique

  • Bazaruto National Park – Marine and terrestrial protected area in the Bazaruto Archipelago in Mozambique, 1971, 1,600 km2 (620 sq mi)[4]

South Africa

The listed MPAs were individually proclaimed. Some were later consolidated with adjacent MPAs and may not still be generally referred to by the original name.

Antarctica

  • Ross Sea Region Marine Protected Area, 2,060,058 km2 (795,393 sq mi)[7]

Asia

Thailand

Australia

Europe

Finland

  • Metsäkuohu, (2018), 0.08 km2 (0.031 sq mi)[21]
  • Tervapesä, (2018), 0.07 km2 (0.027 sq mi)[21]

Sweden

  • Småbodarna, (2018), 0.11 km2 (0.042 sq mi)[21]
  • Långstrandberget, (2018), 0.74 km2 (0.29 sq mi)[21]
  • Björkbergsbacken, (2018), 0.14 km2 (0.054 sq mi)[21]
  • Höksberget, (2018), 0.56 km2 (0.22 sq mi)[21]

United Kingdom

  • Port Erin Bay MNR, Isle of Man, (2018), 4.34 km2 (1.68 sq mi)[21]

UK Overseas Territories[22]

North America

Canada

United States

Oceania

Cook Islands

  • Marae Moana – Marine protected area in the Cook Islands, (2017), 1,981,965 km2 (765,241 sq mi),[7] IUCN Category VI.[25]

New Zealand

  • Poor Knights Islands – Group of islands and marine reserve off the east coast of New Zealand's North Island, 1981, 19.22 km2 (7.42 sq mi), IUCN Category Ia.[26]
  • Cape Rodney-Okakari Point, 1975, 5.56 km2 (2.15 sq mi), IUCN Category Ia.[27]
  • Moutere Hauriri / Bounty Islands, 2014, 1,046.33 km2 (403.99 sq mi), IUCN Category Ia.[28]
  • Moutere Mahue / Antipodes Island, 2014, 2,173.1 km2 (839.0 sq mi), IUCN Category Ia.[29]
  • Tawharanui – peninsula and wildlife refuge in New Zealand, 2011, 3.94 km2 (1.52 sq mi), IUCN Category Ia.[30]
  • Tuhua (Mayor Island), 1992, 10.55 km2 (4.07 sq mi), IUCN Category Ia.[31]

South America

Chile

  • Islas Diego Ramírez y Paso Drake, (2019), 1,443.91 km2 (557.50 sq mi)[21]
  • Humedales Costeros de la Bahía Tongoy, (2018), 2.59 km2 (1.00 sq mi)[21]

Ecuador

  • Galápagos Islands – Ecuadorean archipelago and protected area, 1998, 126,972.09 km2 (49,024.20 sq mi)[32]

Grenada

  • Grande Anse, (2018), 17.83 km2 (6.88 sq mi)[21]

Areas beyond national jurisdiction

  • Charlie-Gibbs North High Seas MPA, 2012, 178,651.0 km2 (68,977.5 sq mi)[33]
  • MAR North of the Azores High Seas MPA, 2010, 93,572.46 km2 (36,128.53 sq mi)[34]

To be integrated

  • Réserve Naturelle Nationale des Terres australes françaises, (2017) 1,654,999 km2 (638,999 sq mi)[7]
  • Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument – Protected region of ocean and islands, (2006), 1,516,557 km2 (585,546 sq mi)[7]
  • Parc Naturel de la Mer de Corail, (2014), 1,291,643 km2 (498,706 sq mi)[7]
  • Pacific Remote Islands, (2009) 1,277,784 km2 (493,355 sq mi)[7]
  • South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area, (2012), 1,069,872 km2 (413,080 sq mi)[7]
  • Pitcairn Islands Marine Reserve, (2016), 839,568 km2 (324,159 sq mi)[7]

References

  1. "Towards Networks of Marine Protected Areas - The MPA Plan of Action for IUCN's World Commission on Protected Areas" (PDF). IUCN. 2008-11-04. Archived from the original on 2012-10-08. Retrieved 2012-06-07.
  2. "When is a Marine Protected Area really a Marine Protected Area". International Union for Conservation of Nature. 8 September 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  3. "Protected areas coverage in 2019". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  4. "Bazaruto in Mozambique". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  5. "Meet South Africa's new Marine Protected Areas". www.marineprotectedareas.org.za. Retrieved 18 January 2019.
  6. "Declarations". Pretoria: Government Printer. Retrieved 18 January 2019 via Centre for Environmental rights.
  7. "Size distribution of marine protected areas". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  8. "Ao Phanganga in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  9. "Had Chao Mai in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  10. "Had Noparatthara - Mu Koh Phi Phi in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  11. "Khao Laem Ya - Mu Koh Samed in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  12. "Khao Sam Roi Yot in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  13. "Lam Son in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  14. "Mu Ko Ang Thong in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  15. "Mu Ko Chang in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  16. "Mu Ko Lanta in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  17. "Mu Ko Preta in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  18. "Ao Phangnga - Mu Koh Surin - Mu Koh Similan in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  19. "Mu Ko Surin in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  20. "Tarutao in Thailand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  21. "Most recent designations". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  22. "The Blue Belt programme". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
  23. Grundy, Richard. "Tristan's Marine Protection Zone Announced". www.tristandc.com. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
  24. "Pacific Remote Islands in United States Minor Outlying Islands". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  25. "Cook Islands Marine Park in Cook Islands". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  26. "Poor Knights Islands in New Zealand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  27. "Cape Rodney-Okakari Point in New Zealand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  28. "Moutere Hauriri / Bounty Islands in New Zealand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  29. "Moutere Mahue / Antipodes Island in New Zealand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  30. "Tawharanui in New Zealand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  31. "Tuhua (Mayor Island) in New Zealand". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  32. "Galápagos in Ecuador". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  33. "Charlie-Gibbs North High Seas MPA in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  34. "MAR North of the Azores High Seas MPA in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction". www.protectedplanet.net. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
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