Demographics of Kerala

Kerala is a state in south-western India. Most of Kerala's 34.8 million people (in 2011) are ethnically Malayalis (Malayalam speakers). Most of the Malayalam and English speaking Keralites derive their ancestry from Dravidian communities that settled in Kerala. Additional ancestries derive from millennia of trade links across the Arabian Sea, whereby people of Arab, Jewish, Syrian, Portuguese, English and other ethnicities settled in Kerala. Many of these immigrants intermarried with native Malayalam speakers resulting in formation of many Muslims and Christians in Kerala.[1][2] Some Muslims and Christians thus take lineage from Middle Eastern and European settlers mixed with local population.

Demographics of Kerala
Population pyramid taken from the 2011 census
Population34.8 million
Density859 per sq.km
Growth rate3.31% yearly (2021 estimate)
Life expectancy
 • male75 years
 • female80.15 years
Fertility rate1.82 births per woman
Infant mortality rate7 per 1000 live births
Net migration rate-0.08 per 1000 (2019 estimate)
Age structure
0–14 years19%
15–64 years70%
65 and over12%
Sex ratio
Total0.97 males/female
At birth1.04 males/female

Malayalam is Kerala's official language and is spoken by at least 97% of the people of Kerala; the next most common languages are English and Tamil which is spoken mainly by migrant workers from the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu. Tulu and Kannada is spoken in northern parts of Kasaragod district, bordering Karnataka. In addition, Kerala is home to 321,000 indigenous tribal Adivasis (1.10% of the populace).[3] Some 63% of tribals reside in the eastern districts of Wayanad (where 35.82% are tribals), Palakkad (1.02%), and Idukki (15.66%).[4] These groups, including the Paniyars, Mooppans, Irulars, Kurumbars, and Mudugars,[5] speak their own native languages.[6][7][8] Cholanaikkan tribe in the Silent Valley National Park were contacted only in the 1970s and they are the most isolated tribe in the state.[9]

Population
Population density of Kerala
Kerala's districts, shaded by population density (inhabitants per km2)
Source:[10]

Kerala is home to 2.76% of India's population, and at 859 persons per km2;[11] its land is three times as densely settled as the rest of India. Kerala's western coastal regions are the most densely settled with population of 2,022 persons per km2, 2.5 times the overall population density of the state, 859 persons per km2, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated.[12] However, Kerala's population growth rate is far lower than the national average, although Kerala's population more than doubled between 1951 and 1991 – adding 15.6 million people to reach a total of 29.1 million residents in 1991 – the population stood at 31.8 million by 2001 and 33.3 million in 2011.[11] Kerala's people are most densely settled in the coastal region, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated. Kerala is the second-most urbanised major state in the country with 47.7% urban population according to the 2011 Census of India.[13]

Hinduism is followed by the majority of Keralites (54.7%). The major religions followed in Kerala are Hinduism (54.7% — Hinduism in Kerala), Islam (26.6%) and Christianity (18.4%).[14]

Kerala also had a tiny Jewish population until recently, said to date from 587 BC when they fled the occupation of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar.[15] The 2001 Indian census recorded only 51 Jews in Kerala. The synagogue in Kochi is the oldest in the Commonwealth of Nations.

The state has many famous temples, mosques, and churches. The oldest church in India is found in Kerala, believed to be established by St. Thomas, the disciple of Jesus Christ and the Cheramaan Juma Mosque is considered to be the oldest mosque in the Indian subcontinent which was built by an Islamic missionary Malik Dinar.

Historical population
Year Population Decadal growth
2011 33,406,061 4.91
2001 31,841,374 9.43
1991 29,098,518 14.32
1981 25,453,680 19.24
1971 21,347,375 26.29
1961 16,903,715 24.76
1951 13,549,118 22.82
1941 11,031,541 16.04
1931 9,507,050 21.85
1921 7,802,127 9.16
1911 7,147,673 11.75
1901 6,392,620 –

Population graph of Kerala from 1910 to 2011

Source:[16]

Features
Distribution of Population in Malappuram, the most populous district of Kerala (2011).[17] The distribution is similar to this pattern in every part of the state. The western Arabian Sea coastline is densely populated while the eastern hilly region adjacent to the Western Ghats is sparsely populated compared to its western coastal counterpart.[18]

Social development

Kerala ranks highest in India with respect to social development indices such as elimination of poverty, primary education and healthcare. This resulted from significant efforts begun in 1911 by the erstwhile Princely states of Cochin and Travancore to boost healthcare and education among the people and aided by the Christian missionaries. This central focus – deemed unusual in India – was then maintained after Kerala's post-independence inauguration as a state.[19] Thus, Kerala has the highest literacy rate in India of 93.91% (2011);[20] and life expectancy is now the highest in India. The suicide rates in Kerala are the highest in India.[21] As per the 2011 census, Kerala and Puducherry are the only domiciles in India with a female-to-male ratio higher than 0.99. The ratio for Kerala is 1.084 – 1084 females per 1000 males – while the national figure is 0.940.[22] It is also one of the states in India to have sub-replacement fertility.[23]

UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO) designated Kerala as the world's first "baby-friendly state" via its "Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative". The state is also known for Ayurveda, a traditional system of medicine – this traditional expertise is currently drawing increasing numbers of medical tourists. However, drawbacks to this situation includes the population's steady ageing – indeed, 11.2% of Keralites are age 60 or over.[19]

Kerala's unusual socioeconomic and demographic situation was summarised by author and environmentalist Bill McKibben:[24]

Expatriation and Emigration

As of 2011, a total of 2,280,000 Keralites reside outside India. Largest populations are found in UAE (883,313) and USA (680,076).[25]

The major concentrations of expat Keralites are in the following nations: (figures as of 2011)[26]

Diversity

There are more than 2,500,000 migrants living in Kerala,[27] mostly from Assam and West Bengal, constituting more than 8% of the population. There are also migrants from Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, and the North East.[28][27][29]

Studies indicate that by the time of 2026 state elections, migrants will become a crucial voting block in many of the constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kochi, Kozhikode, Thrissur and Kannur districts.[30]

Lists

Urban centres

According to 2011 Census of India, Kerala has six 1.5 million-plus urban agglomerations: Kochi, Kozhikode, Thrissur, Malappuram, Thiruvananthapuram, and Kannur, all of which has a population of at least 1.5 million.[31][32][33] Over a third of Keralites live in these large cities (a higher percentage than any other state), and over half the population lives in urban centres.[34]

 
Largest cities or towns in Kerala
2011 Census of India[35]
As per the population within their respective Municipal Corporation/Municipality limits
Rank District Pop.
Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram
Kozhikode
Kozhikode		 1ThiruvananthapuramThiruvananthapuram district968,990 Kochi
Kochi
Kollam
Kollam
2KozhikodeKozhikode district609,224
3KochiErnakulam district602,046
4KollamKollam district388,288
5ThrissurThrissur district315,957
6KannurKannur district232,486
7AlappuzhaAlappuzha district180,856
8KottayamKottayam district138,283
9PalakkadPalakkad district131,019
10ManjeriMalappuram district97,102

The above table lists Kerala cities in terms of their respective corporation statistics.

According to the 2011 Census, 7 of the top 50 most populous metropolitan areas in India belong to Kerala. They are Kochi, Kozhikode, Thrissur, Malappuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kannur and Kollam ranking 17, 19, 21, 25, 26, 27 and 48 respectively.[33][31]

The surprising aspect in these corporation numbers are that Kochi Corporation, despite being inside the state's largest urban agglomeration, is only the 2nd most populous and 4th largest in terms of area in the state. This anomaly is because the corporation limits have not been updated since its formation in 1967, and thus expansion of these outdated limits has become a big demand in Kochi.[36]

However, since cities are ranked in terms of their Urban Agglomeration statistics and not in terms of Local self governing bodies statistics (as seen in the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MOHUA) official rankings[37]), Kochi secures the number 1 spot in the state in terms of largest cities as one can observe below.

Most populous urban agglomerations

The following is a list of most populous urban agglomerations in the Kerala state of India. Population statistics indicated are as of 2011 census.[38][39][40]

(Note that this is a list of metropolitan (UA) population and does not indicate the corporation populations. Cities in India are officially ranked in terms of these numbers)

RankUAPopulation (2011)Population (2001)District
1Kochi2,117,9901,355,972Ernakulam
2Kozhikode2,030,519715,681Kozhikode
3Thrissur1,854,783103,122Thrissur
4Malappuram1,698,645170,409Malappuram
5Thiruvananthapuram1,679,7541,089,635Thiruvananthapuram
6Kannur1,642,892498,207Kannur
7Kollam1,110,005380,091Kollam
8Cherthala455,408141,558Alappuzha
9Kayamkulam427,09168,585Alappuzha
10Kottayam357,533172,878Kottayam
11Palakkad293,566283,369Palakkad
12Alappuzha241,072282,675Alappuzha
13Ottappalam238,23849,242Palakkad
14Kanhangad229,706129,367Kasaragod
15Kasaragod192,76175,968Kasaragod
16Changanassery127,97151,967Kottayam
17Chalakkudy114,90148,380Thrissur
18Kothamangalam114,57437,173Ernakulam

Ethnic groups
Main article: Ethnic groups in Kerala

The vast majority of residents of Kerala are Malayalis, but there are many smaller ethnic groups including Tuluvas, Tamils, Kannadigas and Konkanis. In addition, as of early 2013 there are close to 2.5 million (7.5% of state population) migrant workers from other states of India in Kerala.[41]

Language

Languages of Kerala (2011)[42]

  Malayalam (97.02%)
  Tamil (1.49%)
  Others (1.5%)

Kerala is the most unilingual state of India in which about 97% of the total population speak Malayalam as their Native language.[42] In addition, there is a significant Tamil population in Idukki district, which accounts for 17.48% of its total population.[43] Tulu and Kannada are spoken in the northern portions of Kasaragod district, each of which account for 8.77% and 4.23% of total population in the district respectively.[43][44]

Religion
Main article: Religion in Kerala

Hindus constitute 54.7% of the population of Kerala, followed by Islam with 26.6% population and Christianity at third with 18.4% population as per 2011 census.

Religious Demographics of Kerala (1901–2011)[45][46]
Census
Year		 Hindus Decadal Growth rate (%) Muslims Decadal Growth rate (%) Christians Decadal Growth rate (%) Total
Population		 Decadal Growth rate (%)
1901 4,378,305 68.5% N/A 1,119,473 17.5% N/A 891,767 13.9% N/A 6,389,545 100.0% N/A
1911 4,762,393 66.8% +8.77 1,263,602 17.7% +12.87 1,101,289 15.5% +23.50 7,127,284 100.0% +11.55
1921 5,052,039 64.9% +6.08 1,360,180 17.5% +7.64 1,376,354 17.7% +24.98 7,788,573 100.0% +9.28
1931 6,021,982 63.4% +19.20 1,624,112 17.1% +19.40 1,856,024 19.5% +34.85 9,502,118 100.0% +22.00
1941 6,699,600 61.8% +11.25 1,883,786 17.4% +11.60 2,263,888 20.9% +21.98 10,847,274 100.0% +14.16
1951 8,344,351 61.6% +24.55 2,374,598 17.5% +26.05 2,825,720 20.9% +24.82 13,544,669 100.0% +24.87
1961 10,282,568 60.9% +23.23 3,027,639 17.9% +27.50 3,587,365 21.2% +26.95 16,897,572 100.0% +24.75
1971 12,683,277 59.4% +23.35 4,162,718 19.5% +37.49 4,494,089 21.1% +25.28 21,340,084 100.0% +26.29
1981 14,801,347 58.2% +16.70 5,409,687 21.3% +30.00 5,233,865 20.6% +16.46 25,444,899 100.0% +19.24
1991 16,668,587 57.3% +12.62 6,788,354 23.3% +25.49 5,621,510 19.3% +7.41 29,078,451 100.0% +14.28
2001 17,920,105 56.3% +7.51 7,863,842 24.7% +15.84 6,057,427 19.0% +7.75 31,841,374 100.0% +9.50
2011 18,282,492 54.9% +2.02 8,873,472 26.6% +12.84 6,141,269 18.4% +1.38 33,406,061 100.0% +4.91
Indicates Least growth rate Indicates Most growth rate Source: Census of India (1901–2011)
Detailed breakdown of religious demographics
Religion2001[47] %2011[48] %
Hinduism17,883,449 56.1618,282,492 54.73
Islam7,863,842 24.708,873,472 26.56
Christianity6,057,427 19.026,141,269 18.38
Buddhism2,027 >0.014,752 0.01
Jainism4,528 0.014,489 0.01
Sikhism2,762 >0.013,814 0.01
Other2,256 >0.017,618 0.02
Not stated— —88,155 0.26
Total31,841,374 ~10033,406,061 ~100

Religious demographics of Travancore (1816–1941)
Main article: Travancore
Religious Demographics of Travancore (1816–1941)
Census year Hindus Christians Muslims Total population
1816 – 1820 752,371 82.99% 112,158 12.37% 42,058 4.64% 906,587
1881 1,755,610 73.12% 498,542 20.76% 146,909 6.12% 2,401,158
1891 1,871,864 73.18% 526,911 20.60% 158,823 6.21% 2,557,736
1901 2,063,798 69.91% 697,387 23.62% 190,566 6.46% 2,952,157
1911 2,298,390 67.03% 903,868 26.36% 226,617 6.61% 3,428,975
1921 2,562,301 63.96% 1,172,934 29.27% 270,478 6.75% 4,006,062
1931 3,137,795 61.57% 1,604,475 31.46% 353,274 6.93% 5,095,973
1941 3,671,480 60.49% 1,963,808 32.35% 434,150 7.15% 6,070,018

Sources:[49][50][51][52]

Religious Demographics of Malabar District (1871–1951)
Main article: Malabar District
Religious Demographics of Malabar District (1871&1951)
Religion 1871 1951
1 Hinduism 72.43% 63.25%
2 Islam 25.72% 33.49%
3 Christianity 1.43% 3.24%

Sources:[53][54]

Communities

Caste/communities of Kerala (2011)

  Mappila Muslims (26.6%)
  Ezhavas/Thiyyas (22.2%)
  Nairs (14.6%)
  Marthoma Nasrani (12.5%)
  Scheduled Castes (9.8%)
  Dheevaras (2.8%)
  Latin Catholics (2.5%)
  Brahmins (1.7%)
  Scheduled Tribes (1.1%)
  Other Christians (3.0%)
  Other Hindu Castes (2.9%)
  Others (0.3%)
Main article: Religion in Kerala
See also: Caste system among South Asian Christians

Castes of Kerala

The Scheduled Caste (SC) population of Kerala State is 3,123,941 which is 9.8% of overall population. Scheduled Tribes in Kerala, with a population of 364,000, constitute 1.14% of the population.[55]

Denominations groups among Christians:[56]

Catholic church (Syrian and Latin rites) is the largest denomination among Kerala Christians. Malankara orthodox church, Jacobite Syrian orthodox church and Marthomite Syrian church denominations claim Syrian roots. Major Protestant groups include Church of South India (CSI), various Pentecostal churches. Chaldean Syrian, Seventh Day Adventists, Salvation Army are some other denominations.[57][58][59][60][61][62]

Tribal communities

Kerala has approximately 35 distinct scheduled tribes that constitute 1.3% of the population. Though entirely unique, their languages are often not highlighted as distinct in the census. The Paniyan, who are the numerically dominant tribe, live in north east of the state and practice settled cultivation. The Kattunaikan, Kurichian and Kuruman belong to the same region. Palleyan, Palliyan and Palliyar inhabit the Idukki region not far from the Anamalai and Palani hills of Tamil Nadu where you find the same population. The Kadar, Irular, Kurumbas, Maha malasar and Malasar inhabit the Palghat region close to their counterparts in Niligiri and Anamalai hills of Tamil Nadu. The same is the case of the Kudiya and Koraga living in the northern most tip of the state next to Kodagu and Dakshina Kannada region of Karnataka.[63]

  • Total number of tribal communities
    Total number of tribal communities
  • Tribes of North Kerala
    Tribes of North Kerala
  • Tribes of Central-South Kerala
    Tribes of Central-South Kerala
  • Tribes of South Kerala
    Tribes of South Kerala

Age structure
Population pyramid for Kerala as of 2011

(2011 census)

0–6 years: 9.95%
7–14 years: 23.9%
15–59 years: 54.3%
60 years and over:12.8%
Population by age (2011)
Age (Years): Male population Female population
0–4 1247534 1205558
5–9 1303190 1251922
10–14 1438917 1383853
15–19 1328299 1282253
20–24 1298826 1366983
25–29 1203978 1400114
30–34 1128217 1327284
35–39 1161819 1417854
40–44 1117424 1295074
45–49 1105598 1242932
50–54 931191 996954
55–59 861527 880881
60–64 685136 729535
65–69 459232 542902
70–74 326562 406810
75–79 208317 293050
80+ 204348 337501
Median age
Year: 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Age: 19.28 19.39 21.81 24.36 28.87 32

Urbanisation
Urbanisation Rate in Kerala
Year Rural

population

(%)

 Urban

Population

(%)

1961 84.9 15.11
1971 83.76 16.24
1981 81.26 18.74
1991 73.61 26.39
2001 74.04 25.96
2011 52.26 47.74

Birth rate
YearBirthsDeathsNatural
change		Birth
rate		Death
rate		N. change
rate
1997607,727166,428441,29919.25.313.9
1998591,508185,788405,72018.45.812.6
1999596,948186,828410,12018.35.712.6
2000593,724178,795414,92918.05.412.6
2001579,063182,059397,00418.15.712.4
2002581,925184,597397,32818.05.712.3
2003558,369194,264364,10517.26.011.2
2004563,153199,017364,13617.16.111.0
2005559,082204,157354,92517.36.311.0
2006556,326219,094337,23216.66.610.0
2007545,154238,691306,46316.27.19.1
2008535,738221,769313,96915.76.59.2
2009544,348238,691305,65716.27.19.1
2010546,964238,864308,10015.86.98.9
2011560,268245,002315,26616.77.39.4
2012550,411239,982310,42916.47.19.3
2013536,352260,915276,15715.97.78.2
2014534,458248,242286,21615.87.38.5
2015516,013252,576263,43715.17.47.7
2016496,292256,130240,16214.57.57.0
2017503,588263,342240,24614.67.67.0
2018488,174258,530229,64414.17.56.6
2019480,113270,567209,54613.87.86.0
2020446,891250,983195,90812.87.25.6
2021419,767339,64880,11911.99.72.3
Birth data by religion
Percentage Distribution of Live Birth by Religion of the Family[64]
Religion 2021[65] % 2020[66] % 2019[67] % 2018[68] % 2017[69] %2016[70] %2015[71] %2014[72] %2013[73] %2012[74] %2011[75] %2010[76] %2009[77] %2008[78] %2007[79] %2006[80] %2005[81] %
Muslim 169,29640.33%196,13843.89%212,93344.35%213,80543.80%216,52543.00%211,18242.55%213,86541.45%218,43740.87%214,25739.96%175,89231.96%214,09938.21%209,27638.26%204,71137.61%194,58336.32%183,79633.71%196,49335.32%191,67534.28%
Hindu 181,39643.21%185,41141.49%197,06141.04%203,15841.61%210,07141.71%207,83141.88%221,22042.87%231,03143.23%236,42044.08%214,59138.99%248,61044.37%246,29745.03%247,70745.51%241,30545.04%250,09445.88%258,11946.40%262,97647.04%
Christian 59,76614.24%62,26513.93%68,59614.29%69,84414.31%75,33514.96%76,20515.35%79,56515.42%83,61615.65%84,66015.78%102,54618.63%94,66416.90%88,93616.26%90,45116.62%94,17517.58%98,22018.02%96,46917.34%98,35317.59%
Others 9,1432.18%2,9670.66%1,4080.29%1,2140.25%1,4970.30%8520.18%9330.18%1,1780.22%8690.16%57,21510.39%2,6710.48%6510.12%7040.13%5,1510.96%6,1081.12%1,5450.28%1,0980.19%
Not Stated 1660.04%1100.02%1150.02%1530.03%1690.03%2220.04%4300.08%1960.03%1460.02%1670.03%2240.04%1,8060.33%7750.14%5240.10%6,9361.27%3,7000.66%4,9800.89%
Total 419,767100%446,891100%480,113100%488,174100%503,588100%496,292100%516,013100%534,458100%536,352100%550,411100%560,268100%546,964100%544,348100%535,738100%545,154100%556,326100%559,082100%

17.1 births/1,000 population (1994–2001 est.)[82]

Birth Rate was 17.1 in 1994–2001 (20.3 in 1984–1990 & 25.0 in 1974–1980). Pathanamthitta (14.5 in 1994–2001, 17.2 in 1984–1990 & NA in 1974–1980) had the lowest TBR and Malappuram(22.4, 29.5 & 33.6) had the highest TBR.

According to the 2011 Census, Thiruvalla taluk has the lowest birth rate and Tirurangadi taluk has the highest birth rate.[83]

Lowest Birth Rate (2011):

  1. Thiruvalla – 10.63 per 1,000
  2. Mallappally – 10.69 per 1,000
  3. Kozhenchery – 10.86 per 1,000
  4. Chengannur – 10.93 per 1,000
  5. Adoor – 11.09 per 1,000

Highest Birth Rate (2011):

  1. Tirurangadi – 19.99 per 1,000
  2. Ernad – 19.68 per 1,000
  3. Perinthalmanna – 19.43 per 1,000
  4. Tirur – 19.16 per 1,000
  5. Nilambur – 18.34 per 1,000

Vital stats for the year 2011:[84]

Community Pop Births Birth Rate Deaths Death Rate NGR%
Total 33,406,061 560,268 16.77 245,002 7.33 0.94%
Hindu 18,282,492 248,610 13.60 148,097 8.10 0.55%
Muslim 8,873,472 214,099 24.13 45,305 5.11 1.90%
Christian 6,141,269 94,664 15.41 50,365 8.20 0.72%
  • In 2007, 61.55% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 17.50% from Muslims and, 19.75% from Christians.[85]
  • In 2008, 61.01% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 17.82% from Muslims and, 20.06% from Christians.[86]
  • In 2010, 60.79% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 18.31% from Muslims and, 20.36% from Christians.[87]
  • In 2011, 60.45% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 18.48% from Muslims and, 20.56% from Christians.[84]
  • In 2018, 60.54% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 19.15% from Muslims and, 19.86% from Christians.[68]

Net migration rate
(-)3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1991 est.)

Of the emigrants from Kerala, 42.2% were Muslims, 36.6% were Hindus and 21.2% were Christians in 1992–93. The most preferred destination was Saudi Arabia (37.8%), followed by UAE (25.9%), Other Gulf countries (13.0%), Oman (11.8%), Other Countries (7.5%) and USA(3.8%).[88]

Sex ratio

According to the 2011 census, women outnumber men in all the districts of Kerala with the highest proportion in Kannur and Pathanamthitta districts.

DistrictsPopulationMales%Females%
Kasargod1,307,375628,61348.1%678,76251.9%
Kannur2,523,0031,181,44646.8%1,341,55753.2%
Wayanad817,420401,68449.1%415,73650.9%
Kozhikode3,086,2931,470,94247.7%1,615,35152.3%
Malappuram4,112,9201,960,32847.7%2,152,59252.3%
Palakkad2,809,9341,359,47848.4%1,450,45651.6%
Thrissur3,121,2001,480,76347.4%1,640,43752.6%
Ernakulam3,282,3881,619,55749.3%1,662,83150.7%
Idukki1,108,974552,80849.8%556,16650.2%
Kottayam1,974,551968,28949%1,006,26251%
Alappuzha2,127,7891,013,14247.6%1,114,64752.4%
Pathanamthitta1,197,412561,71646.8%635,69653.2%
Kollam2,635,3751,246,96847.3%1,388,40752.7%
Thiruvananthapuram3,301,4271,581,67847.9%1,719,74952.1%

Vital statistics
Year Infant

Mortality

Rate

(per 1000 birth)

 Crude

Birth Rate

(per 100)

 Crude

Death Rate

(per 1000)

 Natural

Growth

Rate

(per 1000)

 Maternal

Mortality Rate

(Maternal death/

100000 live birth)

 Total

Fertility

Rate

(Birth/Woman)

2000 14 17.9 6.4 11.5 1.7
2001 11 17.3 6.6 10.7 1.8
2002 10 16.9 6.4 10.5 1.8
2003 11 16.7 6.3 10.4 1.8
2004 12 15.2 6.1 9.1 95 1.7
2005 14 15.0 6.4 8.6 1.7
2006 15 14.9 6.7 8.2 1.7
2007 13 14.7 6.8 7.9 81 1.7
2008 12 14.6 6.6 8.0 1.7
2009 12 14.7 6.8 7.9 1.7
2010 13 14.8 7.0 7.8 66 1.7
2011 12 15.2 7.0 8.2 61 1.7
2012 12 14.9 6.9 8.0 1.7
2013 12 14.7 6.9 7.8 1.6
2014 12 14.8 6.6 8.2 46 1.6
2015 12 14.8 6.6 8.2 42 1.6
2016 10 14.3 7.6 6.7 1.7
2017 10 14.2 6.8 7.4 1.7
2018 7 13.9 6.9 7.0 31 (est) 1.8

Life expectancy at birth

Life expectancy at birth is 78 years.[89]

In 1991, Kerala had the lowest TFR (Children born per women) in the whole of India. Hindus had a TFR of 1.66, Christians had 1.78 and Muslims had 2.97. In 2000, the TFR was 1.73 with Muslims having 2.28, Nairs having a TFR of 1.47 and Syrian Christians having TFR of 1.55. TFR for Scheduled Castes was 1.52 in 1997–98 and 1.37 in 1992–93. The lowest Fertility rate recorded anywhere in India is TFR of 1.17 for Vettuvan caste in Kerala.[90]

As per the 2011 Census, the fertility rate per community is as Hindu: 1.544 children per woman, Muslim: 2.351 and Christian: 1.716. For SC, the fertility is 1.485 and for ST, it is 1.629.[91]

For Hindus, the TFR is highest in Wayanad (1.710) and lowest in Thiruvananthapuram (1.435). For the Muslims, it is Kannur (2.779) and Pathanamthitta (1.707), while for the Christians the respective districts are Kasaragod (1.929) and Kollam (1.539).[91]

See also

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