Crippleware

Crippleware has been defined in realms of both computer software and hardware. In software, crippleware means that "vital features of the program such as printing or the ability to save files are disabled until the user purchases a registration key". While crippleware allows consumers to see the software before they buy, they are unable to test its complete functionality because of the disabled functions. Hardware crippleware is "a hardware device that has not been designed to its full capability". The functionality of the hardware device is limited to encourage consumers to pay for a more expensive upgraded version. Usually the hardware device considered to be crippleware can be upgraded to better or its full potential by way of a trivial change, such as removing a jumper wire. The manufacturer would most likely release the crippleware as a low-end or economy version of their product.[1]

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Computer software

Deliberately limited programs are usually freeware versions of computer programs that lack the most advanced (or even crucial) features of the original program. Limited versions are made available in order to increase the popularity of the full program (by making it more desirable) without giving it away free. Examples include a word processor that cannot save or print, and unwanted features, for example screencasting and video editing software programs applying a watermark (often a logo) onto the video screen. However, crippleware programs can also differentiate between tiers of paying software customers.

The term "crippleware" is sometimes used to describe software products whose functions have been limited (or "crippled") with the sole purpose of encouraging or requiring the user to pay for those functions (either by paying a one-time fee or an ongoing subscription fee).[2][3][4]

The less derogatory term, from a shareware software producer's perspective, is feature-limited. Feature-limited is merely one mechanism for marketing shareware as a damaged good; others are time-limited, usage-limited, capacity-limited, nagware and output-limited.[5] From the producer's standpoint, feature-limited allows customers to try software with no commitment instead of relying on questionable or possibly staged reviews. Try-before-you-buy applications are very prevalent for mobile devices, with the additional damaged good of ad-displays as well as all of the other forms of damaged-good applications.[6]

From an Open Source software providers perspective, there is the model of open core which includes a feature-limited version of the product and an open-core version. The feature-limited version can be used widely; this approach is used by products like MySQL and Eucalyptus.

Computer hardware

This product differentiation strategy has also been used in hardware products:

  • The Intel 486SX which was a 486DX with the FPU removed or in early versions present but disabled.[2][7]
  • AMD disabled defective cores on their quad-core Phenom and Phenom II X4 processor dies to make cheaper triple-core Phenom and Phenom II X3 and dual-core X2 models without the expense of designing new chips. Quad-core dies with one or two faulty cores can be used as triple- or dual-core processors rather than being discarded, increasing yield.[8] Some users have managed to "unlock" these crippled cores, when not faulty.[9]
  • Casio's fx-82ES scientific calculator uses the same ROM as the fx-991ES (a model with enhanced functionality), and can be made to act as the latter by strategically cutting through the epoxy on the board, and tracing the exposed solder joints using a pencil. This is also the case with the fx-83ES and the fx-85ES.[10]
  • Apple announcing it would charge $4.99 in order to enable Wi-Fi on some devices in 2007[11][12][13] (fee later reduced to $1.99)[14] and blaming it on GAAP compliance, even though their interpretation of the accounting rules as mandating a fee was contradicted by a former chief accountant of the SEC and by a member of the Financial Accounting Standards Board.[15]
  • Intel Upgrade Service (2010-2011), which allowed select types of processors to be upgraded via a software activation code, has also been criticized in such terms.[16][17]
  • Apple secretly slowed down older iPhones, in a controversy dubbed "batterygate". They settled a consumer fraud lawsuit in 2020 for 113 million dollars.[18]

Automobiles

Tesla limits the range on lower-end versions of the Model S in software, as well as disabling Autopilot functions if those functions weren't purchased.[19]

Some high-end BMW cars in the United Kingdom, Germany, New Zealand, and South Africa have the option to pay a subscription fee for features such as heated seats, advanced cruise control, and automatic beam switching. The components and functionality already exist within the vehicle, but BMW has a software block that prevents them from being used without paying.[20]

Digital rights management

Digital rights management is another example of this product differentiation strategy.[21] Digital files are inherently capable of being copied perfectly in unlimited quantities; digital rights management aims to deter copyright infringement by using hardware or cryptographic techniques to limit copying or playback.

See also

References
  1. "What is crippleware? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary". webopedia.com. 30 November 2004. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
  2. "Crippleware — a definition from The New Hacker's Dictionary". Archived from the original on January 11, 2009.
  3. "Crippleware — a definition from Whatis.com". Archived from the original on 2007-07-13. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
  4. "Crippleware — a word definition from Webopedia". 30 November 2004. Archived from the original on 15 June 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2007.
  5. Brice, Andy. "What type of free trial should I offer for my software?". Archived from the original on 27 December 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  6. Kim, Eddie. "The Best Book On Marketing Your Android App". Archived from the original on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  7. Deneckere, Raymond J.; Preston McAfee, R. (1996-06-01). "Damaged Goods". Journal of Economics & Management Strategy. 5 (2): 149–174. doi:10.1111/j.1430-9134.1996.00149.x. ISSN 1530-9134.
  8. matt buchanan (28 March 2008). "AMD Phenom X3 Triple Core Processors Are Crippled Quad Cores in Disguise". Gizmodo. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on 16 September 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  9. Hilbert Hagedoorn. "Phenom II X3 - Enable and unlock the 4th core". Guru3D.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-29. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
  10. "How to upgrade your fx-82es, fx-83es and fx-85es to a fx991es". Archived from the original on 2008-06-13. Retrieved 2008-08-03.
  11. "Will Apple charge you to enable hardware you've already paid for?". 2007-01-16. Archived from the original on 2017-03-12. Retrieved 2017-06-14.
  12. Paul Miller. "Apple holds 802.11n capabilities hostage". Engadget. AOL. Archived from the original on 2018-06-21. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  13. Kevin C. Tofel (2007-01-16). "Want 802.11n in your Mac to work? For you: only $4.99". gigaom.com. Archived from the original on 2013-12-25. Retrieved 2013-12-25.
  14. "Is Apple getting ready to charge for 802.11n Mac enabling software?". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 2013-12-25. Retrieved 2013-12-25.
  15. "Apple Gets a Bruise by Blaming A $1.99 Fee on Accounting Rules". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2018-01-26. Retrieved 2017-03-13.
  16. "Facepalm of the Day: Intel charges customers $50 to unlock CPU features". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 2013-12-25. Retrieved 2013-12-25. this arbitrary software lock is odd in that Intel is offering to remove it for a fee. Basically it seems processors have become so powerful and so cheap, and the failure rates so low, that the only way that Intel can supply the low end demand is through artificially downgrading chips.
  17. Cory Doctorow (18 September 2010). "Intel + DRM: a crippled processor that you have to pay extra to unlock". Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
  18. Allyn, Bobby (2020-11-18). "Apple Agrees To Pay $113 Million To Settle 'Batterygate' Case Over iPhone Slowdowns". NPR. Archived from the original on 2022-11-08. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
  19. "Crippleware: Upgrade fürs Auto". Die ZEIT Online (in German). 2018-06-13. Archived from the original on 2018-06-13.
  20. Dinsdale, Ryan (13 July 2022). "Some BMW Car Features Can Only be Unlocked With Microtransactions". IGN. Archived from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  21. Andrew M. Odlyzko (July 27, 2003). "Privacy, Economics, and Price Discrimination on the Internet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-06-10. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
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