Locus Biosciences

Locus Biosciences is a clinical-stage pharmaceutical company, founded in 2015 and based in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.[2] Locus develops phage therapies based on CRISPR–Cas3 gene editing technology, as opposed to the more commonly used CRISPR-Cas9, delivered by engineered bacteriophages.[5] The intended therapeutic targets are antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.[1][5]

Locus Biosciences
TypePrivately held company
IndustryPharmaceutical company
FoundedMay 22, 2015 (2015-05-22) in Raleigh, NC, USA
Founders
  • Paul Garofolo[1][2]
  • Nick Taylor
  • Dave Ousterout
  • Rodolphe Barrangou[3]
  • Charles Gersbach
  • Chase Beisel
  • Ahmed Gomaa
Headquarters
Morrisville, North Carolina
,
United States
BrandscrPhage
Number of employees
80[4] (2021)
Websitewww.locus-bio.com

History

The company was founded as a spin-off from North Carolina State University (NCSU) in 2015 with licensed CRISPR patents from the university.[6][7] The company started with a $5 million convertible note from Tencent Holdings and North Carolina Biotechnology Center.[8]

In 2017, the company closed a $19 million Series A led by Artis Ventures, Tencent Holdings Ltd, and Abstract Ventures.[7][8] In 2020, the company sold convertible notes in a debt raise to roll into its next equity round in 2021.[9]

In 2018, Locus acquired a high-throughput bacteriophage discovery platform from San Francisco-based phage therapy company Epibiome, Inc.[10]

In 2019, the company entered into a strategic collaboration with Janssen Pharmaceuticals (a Johnson & Johnson company) worth up to $818 million to develop CRISPR-Cas3 drugs targeting two bacterial pathogens.[7][11][12][13] Locus received $20 million upfront and up to $798 million in milestones and royalties on net sales.[14]

In 2020, the company signed a $12.5 million partnership with the global non-profit, Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator (CARB-X).[9] In November 2020, Locus had 52 people and planned to expand to 85 by 2021;[9] by the end of 2021, they had about 80 employees.[4] As of January 2022, the company and all employees were contained in a single 25,000 square foot research and manufacturing facility.[4]

Phage injecting its genome into bacterial cell

CRISPR CAS3
Main article: CRISPR

CRISPR-Cas3 is more destructive than the better known CRISPR–Cas9 used by companies like Caribou Biosciences, Editas Medicine, Synthego, Intellia Therapeutics, CRISPR Therapeutics and Beam Therapeutics.[7] CRISPR–Cas3 destroys the targeted DNA in either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.[11][15] Co-founder, Rodolphe Barrangou, said "Cas3 is a meaner system...but if you want to cut a tree and get rid of it, you bring a chain saw, not a scalpel".[16]

CRISPR-Cas systems fall into two classes. Class 1 systems use a complex of multiple Cas proteins to degrade foreign nucleic acids. Class 2 systems use a single large Cas protein for the same purpose. Class 1 is divided into types I, III, and IV; class 2 is divided into types II, V, and VI.[17] The 6 system types are divided into 19 subtypes.[18] Many organisms contain multiple CRISPR-Cas systems suggesting that they are compatible and may share components.[19][20]

Difference between CRISPR-Cas3 and CRISPR-Cas9
ClassCas typeSignature proteinFunctionReference
1ICas3Single-stranded DNA nuclease (HD domain) and ATP-dependent helicase[21][22]
2IICas9Nucleases RuvC and HNH together produce DSBs, and separately can produce single-strand breaks. Ensures the acquisition of functional spacers during adaptation.[23][24]

Therapy development

The company enrolled its first patient in a Phase 1b clinical trial in January 2020. The trial intends to evaluate LBP-EC01, a CRISPR Cas3-enhanced bacteriophage against Escherichia coli bacteria which cause urinary tract infections.[25] Twenty patients will get a phage cocktail, and 10 will get a placebo.[26] The trial completed before March 2021 and a Phase II trial is expected to start within two years.[2] The company has an agreement the US government's Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority which began in 2020 and provides funding to support Phase II and Phase III trials.[2][9]

Publications

As of 2022, there are no peer-reviewed publications that are solely or primarily authored by Locus Biosciences staff.[27]

References
  1. Buhr, Sarah (December 21, 2018). "Move over Cas9, CRISPR-Cas3 might hold the key to solving the antibiotics crisis". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  2. Eanes, Zachery (March 9, 2021). "Locus using gene-editing technology to get ahead of drug-resistant bacteria". The Herald-Sun. pp. B4. Retrieved August 19, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  3. "CRISPR on the Move in 2019". Pubmed. Affiliations. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
  4. Eanes, Zachery (January 29, 2022). "Locus Biosciences is eyeing immunology for its CRISPR tech". The News & Observer. Vol. 158, no. 29. pp. A6. Retrieved August 19, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  5. Gibney, Elizabeth (January 2, 2018). "What to expect in 2018: science in the new year". Nature. 553 (7686): 12–13. Bibcode:2018Natur.553...12G. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-00009-5. PMID 29300040.
  6. Brown, Kristen V. (February 24, 2017). "Scientists Are Creating a Genetic Chainsaw to Hack Superbug DNA to Bits". Gizmodo. G/O Media. Archived from the original on December 9, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  7. Shieber, Jonathan (January 4, 2019). "Up to $818 million deal between J&J and Locus Biosciences points to a new path for CRISPR therapies". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on February 3, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
  8. Martz, Lauren (August 31, 2017). "Cutting through resistance". Biocentury. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  9. Maurer, Allan (November 19, 2020). "Gene editing success could turn Triangle startup Locus Biosciences into a billion dollar unicorn". WRAL TechWire. Capitol Broadcasting Company.
  10. "Locus Biosciences Acquires EpiBiome Bacteriophage Discovery Platform". Genomeweb. July 17, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  11. Taylor, Phil (January 3, 2019). "J&J takes stake in Locus' CRISPR-based 'Pac-Man' antimicrobials". Fierce Biotech. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  12. Molteni, Megan (January 16, 2019). "Antibiotics Are Failing Us. Crispr is Our Glimmer of Hope". Wired. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
  13. Schmidt, Charles (November 1, 2019). "Is Phage Therapy Here to Stay?". Scientific American: 50–57. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
  14. Brown, Kristen (January 3, 2019). "J&J Bets $20 Million on DNA Tool to Battle Infectious Bacteria". Bloomberg. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  15. Reardon, Sara (2017). "Modified viruses deliver death to antibiotic-resistant bacteria". Nature. 546 (7660): 586–587. Bibcode:2017Natur.546..586R. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22173. PMID 28661508.
  16. Marcus, Amy Dockser. "A Genetic 'Chain Saw' to Target Harmful DNA". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 6, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  17. Wright AV, Nuñez JK, Doudna JA (January 2016). "Biology and Applications of CRISPR Systems: Harnessing Nature's Toolbox for Genome Engineering". Cell. 164 (1–2): 29–44. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.035. PMID 26771484.
  18. Westra ER, Dowling AJ, Broniewski JM, van Houte S (November 2016). "Evolution and Ecology of CRISPR". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 47 (1): 307–331. doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032428.
  19. Wiedenheft B, Sternberg SH, Doudna JA (February 2012). "RNA-guided genetic silencing systems in bacteria and archaea". Nature. 482 (7385): 331–8. Bibcode:2012Natur.482..331W. doi:10.1038/nature10886. PMID 22337052. S2CID 205227944.
  20. Deng L, Garrett RA, Shah SA, Peng X, She Q (March 2013). "A novel interference mechanism by a type IIIB CRISPR-Cmr module in Sulfolobus". Molecular Microbiology. 87 (5): 1088–99. doi:10.1111/mmi.12152. PMID 23320564.
  21. Sinkunas T, Gasiunas G, Fremaux C, Barrangou R, Horvath P, Siksnys V (April 2011). "Cas3 is a single-stranded DNA nuclease and ATP-dependent helicase in the CRISPR/Cas immune system". The EMBO Journal. 30 (7): 1335–42. doi:10.1038/emboj.2011.41. PMC 3094125. PMID 21343909.
  22. Huo Y, Nam KH, Ding F, Lee H, Wu L, Xiao Y, Farchione MD, Zhou S, Rajashankar K, Kurinov I, Zhang R, Ke A (September 2014). "Structures of CRISPR Cas3 offer mechanistic insights into Cascade-activated DNA unwinding and degradation". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 21 (9): 771–7. doi:10.1038/nsmb.2875. PMC 4156918. PMID 25132177.
  23. Gasiunas G, Barrangou R, Horvath P, Siksnys V (September 2012). "Cas9-crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex mediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive immunity in bacteria". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (39): E2579–86. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E2579G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1208507109. PMC 3465414. PMID 22949671.
  24. Heler R, Samai P, Modell JW, Weiner C, Goldberg GW, Bikard D, Marraffini LA (March 2015). "Cas9 specifies functional viral targets during CRISPR–Cas adaptation". Nature. 519 (7542): 199–202. Bibcode:2015Natur.519..199H. doi:10.1038/nature14245. PMC 4385744. PMID 25707807.
  25. "Locus Biosciences initiates world's first controlled clinical trial for a CRISPR enhanced bacteriophage therapy". January 8, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  26. "Scientists Modify Viruses With CRISPR To Create New Weapon Against Superbugs". NPR. May 22, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
  27. "Locus Biosciences[Affiliation] - Search Results - PubMed". PubMed. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
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