Superyacht

Jemima F. III (34 metres (111 ft)) was the largest motor yacht in 1908

The classic yacht Savarona (136 metres (446 ft)) (built 1931) was the 20th largest yacht, as of 2018[1]

Christina O (99 metres (325 ft)) built in 1954 for Aristotle Onassis

At the beginning of the 20th century, when wealthy individuals constructed large private yachts for personal pleasure, some manufacturers, such as Cox & King and[3] Charles L. Seabury and Company,[4] were noted for their large steam yachts. The first half of the 20th century saw the first large motor yachts, including Charles Henry Fletcher's Jemima F. III (1908) at 34 metres (111 ft),[5] Savarona (1931) at 136 metres (446 ft),[6] and Christina O (1947 conversion) at 99 metres (325 ft).[7]

Black Pearl, at 106.7 metres (350.1 ft) the largest sailing yacht, as of 2018[8]

The "Large Commercial Yacht Code (LY2)" of Great Britain and its dominions defines a "large yacht" as one that is 24 metres (79 ft) or more at the waterline and is in commercial use for sport or pleasure, while not carrying cargo or more than 12 passengers, and carrying a professional crew. The code regulates the equipping of such vessels, both at sea and in port—including such matters as crew duty times and the presence of a helicopter on board. The code has different levels of standard for vessels above and below 500 gross tons.[9] Other countries have standards similar to LY2.[10] Whereas yachts of 24 metres and below may be constructed of fiberglass, larger yachts are more likely to be constructed of steel, aluminum or composite fiber-reinforced plastic.[11] Such yachts may be considered "superyachts" and are more commonly at 40 metres (130 ft) or more in length.[2]

Whereas "commercial" large yachts may carry no more than 12 passengers, "private" yachts are solely for the pleasure of the owner and guests do not carry the passenger restriction. Yachts may be identified by flag—the country under which a yacht is registered.[10] An industry publication categorizes superyachts by size,[1] by speed,[12] as "explorer" yachts,[13] as sailing yachts,[14] and classic yachts.[15]

As of 2016, there were about 10,000 superyachts over 24 metres in length, worldwide. Of these about 80% were power yachts. The annual production rate was reported to be around 150.[2] As of 2018, the 200 largest yachts ranged in length from 70 metres (230 ft) to 181 metres (594 ft)—the Azzam. The largest yacht by displacement was the 20,361 gross ton Fulk Al Salamah.[16] At 143 metres (469 ft), the largest sail-assisted motor yacht was Sailing Yacht A.[1] As of 2018, the top 50 sailing yachts ranged in size from 53 metres (174 ft) to 107 metres (351 ft)—the Black Pearl.[8] The 20 fastest superyachts ranged in speed from 50 knots (93 km/h) with 7,290-horsepower (5.44 MW) engines to 67 knots (124 km/h) with 20,600-horsepower (15.4 MW) engines for the motor yacht, World is not Enough.[12]

As superyachts have increased in size, so have the informal terms that describe their size evolved to include "megayacht", "gigayacht"[17][18] and (speculatively) "terayacht".[19]

Azimut and subsidiary, Benetti, together had made over 800 superyachts, as of 2019

Between 1998 and 2008, European production of superyachts grew by 228%, ending the period with a total production of 916 units and $10 billion in orders.[20] In January 2020, Boat International listed 4,621 professionals connected to the superyacht industry since 1856,[21] including 1,806 builders.[22] The top ten builders were (shown with the total number of units built, since the founding of the company):

Superyacht builders and yacht charter companies are predominantly based in Western Europe and the United States but are also found in Australia, New Zealand, Asia, and Eastern Europe.[22][23]

Superyachts at the port of Porto Cervo, Sardinia

Each superyacht has a flag state where it is registered, but may have never visited. Common flag state registrars for large yachts are Cayman Islands, Marshall Islands, Isle of Man, and the British Virgin Islands, among others.[24]

Superyachts typically frequent the Mediterranean Sea in summer and the Caribbean Sea in winter. Typical destinations in Spain and the French, Italian and Portuguese Rivieras include Cannes, Antibes, St. Tropez, Monte Carlo, Portofino, Porto Cervo, Cascais, Puerto Banús, Puerto Portals, and Palma, Mallorca; explorer superyachts may cruise in remote areas worldwide.[25]

Dining salon of yacht Taransay in 2015

Some yachts are used exclusively by their private owners, others are operated all year round as charter businesses, and a large number are privately owned but available for charter part-time. As of 2018, superyacht charter costs were €70–550 thousand per week.[26] Charter contracts usually include an advance provisioning allowance—a deposit to cover such operating expenses as food, fuel, and berthing. The unspent balance of the allowance is returned to the customer at the end of the charter.[27][28]

The luxury yacht charter industry functions effectively because private yacht owners mitigate their running costs with charter income as well as keeping their yachts and crew in top running order. Conversely, private charterers charter yachts (rather than owning them) because it is generally considered to be less expensive, and less hassle, than owning a yacht and it also provides them with extra choice related to yacht type, location and crew.[29] The vessels may do short cruises with the owners and/or guests aboard. Antigua is one of the main ports in the Windward Islands of the Caribbean and hosts a Charter Show at the beginning of the winter season.[30]

View of Eclipse showing its decks, including a stern boat garage, a swimming pool, and a helipad

Le Grand Bleu carries a sailboat, a power boat and a helicopter on her afterdecks

The size and types of accommodations, amenities and number of water toys increases with boat size.[31]

Support vessel

A superyacht support vessel carries bulky items, including watercraft or a helicopter[32]

Superyachts may be accompanied by a support (or shadow) vessel that carries such items as watercraft, helicopters or other large items that the yacht itself cannot readily accommodate. Such vessels range in length from 20 to 100 metres (66 to 328 ft). There are at least four manufacturers that specialize in building such vessels.[33] One 67-metre (220 ft) example included the following amenities: a helicopter deck, six guest rooms, two-story helicopter hangar with sound system, movie theater, freshwater pool, a landing craft, four each of: jet skis, kayaks, sailboats, diving and fishing gear, and water skis. For use ashore, there were reportedly a two-seater automobile, two motor scooters and two bicycles. The vessel also featured a 35-tonne (35,000 kg) crane.[32]

Wheelhouse of yacht Taransay in 2015 with navigation and systems displays

The crew of a superyacht comprises five elements, each with its own staff: the captain, who has overall responsibility for the yacht; the chef, who is responsible for the cuisine; the interior staff, who create a hotel-like environment; the deck crew, which operates and maintains the vessel; and the engineers, who ensure the proper functioning of the vessel's many systems.[34] A superyacht may be maintained by its crew, which may be reduced in size during the periods that the owners are not on board and no charters are booked. Most crew members live on board and are paid a monthly salary, with most living expenses covered by the owner. Live-on-board crews do not pay rent, food, electricity or water bills.[17]

All superyachts have crew areas below deck, which consist of a crew mess, crew cabins and laundry. While most crew cabins contain bunk beds, there are captains and chief engineers who, on the larger yachts, have their own cabins. There are no set hours that crew members work each week. The hours depend greatly on how often the owners are on board, how often it is chartered and on what hours the captain sets when there are no guests on board. Crew members may be hired through crew agencies or various websites.[34][35]

• List of motor yachts by length
• List of large sailing yachts
• List of sailboat designers and manufacturers

• Alphabetical list of "luxury yachts"