Lyles, Bissett, Carlisle, and Wolff

In 1938, William Lyles and Robert Caughman Stork began the firm Stork & Lyles. Robert Stork suffered a severe cerebral hemorrhage a few years earlier, however, and did not recover enough to carry a full workload alongside Lyles. Bill Stork, the brother of Robert, returned to South Carolina from Washington D.C. where he had been working and continued with the firm Stork and Lyles. Bill Stork and Lyles, who were both graduates of Clemson University's architecture program, were interrupted by World War II. In February 1942, Lyles was transferred to Washington D.C. as a member of the General Staff of the War Department. He attained the rank of captain in April 1942, and by June of that year, Lyles was on his way to Europe as the chief of design for the chief engineer of the European Theater of Operations. He was responsible for the design of camps and hospitals in the European theater for forty-one months.[3] On November 13, 1945, Lyles returned to Columbia and resumed his work with Stork. At this time, the firm was working in a small space above McGregor's Drug Store. Stork and Lyles began working in 1946 with T.J. Bissett, William Carlisle, and Louis Wolff as associates. Around 1948, Stork left the firm, and the firm became officially incorporated as William G. Lyles, Bissett, Carlisle, and Wolff, which was later shortened to Lyles, Bissett, Carlisle, and Wolff.[4]

In 1948, LBC&W designed and began to build a new office complex at 1321 Bull Street to accommodate its continuously growing staff.[5] The architects were relieved to leave the cramped conditions of the rooms above McGregor's Drug Store.

1800 Gervais Street, second LBC&W office, 1960-1974

LBC&W's success in later years can be attributed in part to their early connections with the Federal Housing Administration through Bill Stork. The firm's projects during the late '40s and early '50s were primarily residential buildings insured under the FHA's section 608 policy, which was aimed at ensuring housing for veterans.[6] LBC&W was by far the most active firm under the section 608 program in South Carolina. In tangent with this program, LBC&W completed 22 projects insured by the FHA at $16,836,400 by the end of the program in 1950. The closest competition was David Cevil of Spartanburg with a mere six projects insured at $3,492,500. Stork and Lyles completed only one FHA project of which $195,900 was insured by the FHA. Stork is reported to have completed three projects on his own, of which $1,381,500 was FHA insured.[7]

By 1950, the firm had grown to 58 people.[8] During this period, the architects worked to diversify their portfolio after the postwar housing boom began to subside. The architects were successful in their diversification, and by the end of the 1950s, could list many different types of buildings in the company's portfolio such as libraries, science laboratories, office buildings, schools, and military facilities.

Third LBC&W office, 1301 Gervais Street 1974

In 1960, the firm moved to a new larger office designed by the firm to accommodate a growing staff.[9] The 1960s were a critical period for LBC&W as they solidified their design philosophy, which was centered around their concept of "Total Design." This design philosophy embodied modern ideals about functionality, beauty, and client satisfaction. During this decade, the firm began their expansion outside of South Carolina. Offices in Washington D.C. were opened in 1960, and in later years the firm opened offices in Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina.[10]

LBC&W entered the 1970s with continuing growth and merged with CE-TEC, a professional service division of Combustion Engineering.[11] The firm continued to win many awards for their work. They received awards from the American Institute of Architects for the Carolina Coliseum in 1970 and the U.S. Post Office in Florence, South Carolina, 1976. In April 1974, the firm moved into four of the twenty-one floors of the Bankers Trust Tower they designed.[12] In addition to LBC&W's geographic reach, the firm's design versatility was critical to their significant place in the history of Modern architecture.

By the late 1970s, the firm had been involved in more than 7,000 projects. Their buildings included elementary, middle, and high schools, collegiate dorms, libraries, student unions, government complexes, office buildings, post offices, military facilities, private homes, apartment complexes, factories, corporate headquarters, and at least one fallout shelter. The majority of these structures were built in a Modernist style. However, several buildings such as the Palmetto Club in Downtown Columbia and several single family residences were designed in the traditional Colonial Revival style that was also popular throughout the twentieth century. Even with projects for more conservative clients, the firm was able to adhere to its principles of design while taking into account the needs of their patrons.

LBC&W was dissolved in the late 1970s. Lyles’ retirement in 1974 followed by Bissett's in 1975 and the economic recession – compounded with LBC&W's illegal financial contribution to the Nixon campaign – most likely led to the breakup of the firm.[13] Articles in The State newspaper report that LBC&W was still receiving bids in 1977, but by 1980, LBC&W was referred to as “the now-dissolved firm.”

LBC&W was able to transform the built environment of the South into a Modernist landscape. Its magnitude and versatility, coupled with its atypical organizational structure and breadth of work gave it the competitive edge needed to reshape the skyline of the South time and again.

Cornell Arms, 1208 Pendleton Street

The post-war housing needs in the mid-twentieth century prompted standardization in residential design. Mass production, cost efficiency, and functional layouts were not only necessary for the production of high volumes of residential architecture, but were also tenets of modern design. Modern architects designing residential properties reflective of the International Style developed innovative concrete systems that adapted to normative construction processes. This allowed for mass prototypes that streamlined housing architecture in the midcentury. Pre-fabrication became a way for architects to design economical buildings that could help Americans purchase their own home and achieve the “American Dream.” Lyles, Bissett, Carlisle, and Wolff all designed their own homes and demonstrated how architects employed the use of the international style for residential architecture.

Modern architecture not only emphasized style, but introduced good style on a large scale. LBC&W published several design books dedicated to different designs of residential homes. For example, “Small Homes” promoted their designs as “economical, efficient, and simple to build,” without compromising “attractiveness, durability, and livability of the finished product.”[25] While not usually considered explicit expressions of Modern architecture, these other residential homes incorporated modern materials and overall design iterations from the modern movement and helped foster modern architecture for the masses. LBC&W did not design every residential building in the International Style. James F. Byrnes, who was a notable politician and statesman, commissioned his residence to be done in the Colonial Revival style.

LBC&W incorporated the Modernist movement ideas of urban planning into its work. A big concern with Modern architecture was thinking about how good design and planning could solve social problems. Several early Modernists looked for new ways to eliminate the congestion of cities, which many believed created unhealthy environments and social problems. The use of space was then reimagined to think about how people can interact differently with a city. Le Corbusier’s Towers in the Park was one of the ideas intended to cure social problems through designing planned landscapes. Le Corbusier's idea was that high-rise buildings could mitigate the effects of overcrowding and urban pollution. LBC&W integrated this theory into their work early in the firm's history when they designed Cornell Arms in 1949, a nineteen-story apartment building located in the heart of Columbia. Funded by the FHA and intended to cater to Columbia's post-war population boom, LBC&W built a cruciform high-rise tower to house hundreds of people in a crowded downtown.

Thomas Cooper Library USC

LBC&W constructed buildings for colleges throughout the South, including libraries, student unions, dorms, and classroom buildings. Among their more significant works, the firm designed the Carolina Coliseum, 1968–1969, for the University of South Carolina. Built both to serve the academic needs of the student body and to house the university's basketball program, the Coliseum was an instrumental part of the university's expansion in the mid-sixties. William Lyles was active in Columbia's urban renewal policies and practices, and the Coliseum was a beacon of this social and economic force, as designed by LBC&W. Along with the Coliseum, the firm also constructed other buildings on the campus of the University of South Carolina. These buildings include the Russell House student union, constructed in 1955, the Engineering Laboratory (Sumwalt) in 1951–52, the Humanities Complex/Center in 1968, the President House in 1953, South Building in 1962, Tower Dormitory and Thomas Cooper Undergraduate Library in 1959, and a women's residence hall in 1962.

LBC&W also constructed buildings for other universities in the Columbia area, including Allen College, Benedict College, Columbia College, Lutheran Theological Seminary, and Fort Jackson. At Allen College, LBC&W constructed the library in 1971 on Hampton Street. At Benedict College, the firm constructed the Benjamin F. Payton Learning Resources Center in 1971–73, the Human Resources Center, the library, and Mather Hall. At Columbia College, the firm constructed Asbury Hall in 1965 on Russell Ave and the Women's Dormitory. LBC&W constructed four buildings for the Lutheran Theological Seminary, including the President's Home in 1962, Student Apartments in 1960, the Student Union in 1961, and Yost Administration Building in 1960.[26]

Columbia SC Post Office, LBC&W

The firm's practice of modern planning corresponded with the goals of local governments that wanted to improve city environments. LBC&Ws use of “Total Design” in the construction of South Carolina’s State Capitol Complex, for example, highlighted how the firm stressed attention to the total environment of a project and attempted to improve the neighborhood. Similar to the way LBC&W approached Cornell Arms, this was another response to the conversation on the complexities of modern living. The plan for the State Capitol Complex embodied the comprehensive approach of LBC&W’s “Total Design” philosophy as it emphasized architectural cohesion, landscaping, parking and traffic, and necessary functional elements to ensure that the complex suited the state government’s needs.

The Capitol Complex is by far the most recognizable LBC&W government project in Columbia, but other commissions in the city include the Harden Street Fire Station and the U.S. Post Office. The goal of LBC&W's comprehensive planning approach was to introduce order and regularity to the sites. The Capitol Complex specifically was meant to serve as an example for how the rest of the downtown could be formed, with pedestrian pathways and easy parking.[27] Columbia relied on LBC&W to pave the way for the city to enter the 21st century.