Lyman-alpha forest

In astronomical spectroscopy, the Lyman-alpha forest is a series of absorption lines in the spectra of distant galaxies and quasars arising from the Lyman-alpha electron transition of the neutral hydrogen atom. As the light travels through multiple gas clouds with different redshifts, multiple absorption lines are formed.

A computer simulation of a possible Lyman-alpha forest configuration at z = 3

History

The Lyman-alpha forest was first discovered in 1970 by astronomer Roger Lynds in an observation of the quasar 4C 05.34.[1] Quasar 4C 05.34 was the farthest object observed to that date, and Lynds noted an unusually large number of absorption lines in its spectrum.[2] He suggested that most of the absorption lines were all due to the same Lyman-alpha transition. Follow-up observations by John Bahcall and Samuel Goldsmith confirmed the presence of the unusual absorption lines, though they were less conclusive about the origin of the lines.[3] Subsequently, the spectra of many other high-redshift quasars were observed to have the same system of narrow absorption lines. Lynds was the first to describe them as the "Lyman-alpha forest".[4] Jan Oort argued that the absorption features are due not to any physical interactions within the quasars themselves, but to absorption inside clouds of intergalactic gas in superclusters.[5]

Physical background
A quasar spectrum with Lyman absorbers being continuously redshifted due to cosmic expansion forming a "forest" of lines.

For a neutral hydrogen atom, spectral lines are formed when an electron transitions between energy levels. The Lyman series of spectral lines are produced by electrons transitioning between the ground state and higher energy levels (excited states). The Lyman-alpha transition corresponds to an electron transitioning between the ground state (n = 1) and the first excited state (n = 2). The Lyman-alpha spectral line has a laboratory wavelength (or rest wavelength) of 1216 Å, which is in the ultraviolet portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.[6]

The Lyman-alpha absorption lines in the quasar spectra result from intergalactic gas through which the galaxy or quasar's light has traveled. Since neutral hydrogen clouds in the intergalactic medium are at different degrees of redshift (due to their varying distance from Earth), their absorption lines are observed at a range of wavelengths. Each individual cloud leaves its fingerprint as an absorption line at a different position in the observed spectrum.

Use as a tool in astrophysics

The Lyman-alpha forest is an important probe of the intergalactic medium and can be used to determine the frequency and density of clouds containing neutral hydrogen, as well as their temperature. Searching for lines from other elements like helium, carbon and silicon (matching in redshift), the abundance of heavier elements in the clouds can also be studied. A cloud with a high column density of neutral hydrogen will show typical damping wings around the line and is referred to as a damped Lyman-alpha system.

For quasars at higher redshift the number of lines in the forest is higher, until at a redshift of about 6, where there is so much neutral hydrogen in the intergalactic medium that the forest turns into a Gunn–Peterson trough. This shows the end of the reionization of the universe.

The Lyman-alpha forest observations can be used to constrain cosmological models.[7] They can also be used to constrain the properties of dark matter, such as the dark matter free streaming scale, which for thermal relic dark matter models is closely related to the dark matter particle mass.

See also

References
  1. Patrick McDonald; Uros Seljak; Scott Burles; Schlegel; Weinberg; David Shih; Joop Schaye; Schneider; Brinkmann (2006). "The Lyman-α Forest Power Spectrum from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey". Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 163 (1): 80–109. arXiv:astro-ph/0405013. Bibcode:2006ApJS..163...80M. doi:10.1086/444361. S2CID 118878555.
  2. Lynds, Roger (1971-03-01). "The Absorption-Line Spectrum of 4C 05.34". The Astrophysical Journal. 164: L73–L78. Bibcode:1971ApJ...164L..73L. doi:10.1086/180695.
  3. Bahcall, John; Samuel Goldsmith (1971-11-15). "On the Absorption-Line Spectrum of 4c 05.34". The Astrophysical Journal. 170: 17–24. Bibcode:1971ApJ...170...17B. doi:10.1086/151185.
  4. Burbidge, Geoffrey R.; Adelaide Hewitt (December 1994). "A catalog of quasars near and far". Sky & Telescope. 88 (6): 32. Bibcode:1994S&T....88...32B.
  5. Blaauw, Adriaan; Martin Schmidt (July 1993). "Jan Hendrik Oort (1900–1992)". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 105 (689): 681–685. Bibcode:1993PASP..105..681B. doi:10.1086/133220.
  6. Carroll, Bradley W.; Ostlie, Dale A. (1996). "The Interaction of Light and Matter". An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics. New York, New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 134–142. ISBN 978-0-201-54730-6.
  7. Weinberg, D. H.; et al. (May 2003). "The Lyman-α Forest as a Cosmological Tool". In S. H. Holt; C. S. Reynolds (eds.). The Emergence of Cosmic Structure: Thirteenth Astrophysics Conference. AIP Conference Series. Vol. 666. pp. 157–169. arXiv:astro-ph/0301186. Bibcode:2003AIPC..666..157W. doi:10.1063/1.1581786. ISBN 0-7354-0128-4. S2CID 118868536.
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