Lymphocystivirus

Lymphocystivirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Iridoviridae.[1] Fish serve as natural hosts. There are four species in this genus.[1] Diseases associated with this genus include: tumor-like growths on the skin.[1][2]

Lymphocystivirus
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Varidnaviria
Kingdom: Bamfordvirae
Phylum: Nucleocytoviricota
Class: Megaviricetes
Order: Pimascovirales
Family: Iridoviridae
Subfamily: Alphairidovirinae
Genus: Lymphocystivirus

Hosts

Lymphocystivirus is one of six genera of viruses within the viral family Iridoviridae, and one of three genera within this family which infect teleost fishes, along with Megalocytivirus and Ranavirus.[3] Lymphocystiviruses infect more than 140 freshwater and marine species,[4] spanning at least 42 host families worldwide,[5] causing the chronic, self-limiting clinical disease, lymphocystis. While lymphocystis does not cause mass mortality events like megalocytiviruses and ranaviruses, fish with lymphocystis exhibit grossly visible papilloma-like skin lesions which substantially reduce their commercial value.[6][7] No vaccines are currently available for lymphocystis viruses.[6]

Taxonomy

The genus contains the following species:[8]

LCDV genome

Lymphocystiviruses are Group I viruses with a dsDNA genome. The LCDV-1 genome is approximately 102.7 kilobase pairs (kbp) in length, with 195 potential open reading frames (ORF), and codes for two DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunits, a DNA methyltransferase, a DNA polymerase, a guanosine triphosphate phosphohydrolase (GTPase), a helicase, protein kinases, a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, and zinc-finger proteins, among others.[9] The LCDV-2 genome is similar to that of LCDV-1 but is slightly smaller, approximately 98 kilobase pairs (kbp) in length.[10]

Structure

Viruses in the genus Lymphocystivirus are enveloped, with icosahedral and polyhedral geometries, and T=189-217 symmetry. The diameter is around 120-350 nm. Genomes are linear, around 100kb in length.[1][2]

GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
LymphocystivirusPolyhedralT=189-217LinearMonopartite

Life cycle

Lymphocystiviruses attach to the host cell and enter by receptor-mediated endocytosis similar to other iridoviruses.[11] Viral particles are uncoated and move to the nucleus of the cell, where DNA replication begins via a virally encoded DNA polymerase.[12] Viral DNA then moves to the cytoplasm for the second stage of DNA replication, which results in the formation of DNA concatemers.[12] The concatameric viral DNA is subsequently packaged via a headful mechanism into virions.[13] The lymphocystis viral genome is circularly permuted with terminally redundant DNA.[12] DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. Fish serve as the natural host.[1][2]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
LymphocystivirusFishNoneCell receptor endocytosisLysis; buddingNucleusCytoplasmUnknown

Pathogenesis

Lymphocystis disease is a chronic disease that rarely causes mortality.[4] Infection causes transformation and hypertrophy (approximately 1000x) of cells in the dermis, forming grossly visible lymphocystis nodules, as well as transformation and hypertrophy in cells of the connective tissues of various internal organs.[4] Fibroblasts and osteoblasts are specifically targeted by the virus.[14] Lymphocystis viruses are not easily grown in cell culture,[4] placing limitations on in vitro molecular pathogenesis experiments.

Diagnostic pathology

As lymphocystis viruses are not easily grown in cell culture,[4] diagnosis is based on clinical signs, gross pathology, histopathology, serology, and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular assays.

Gross pathology

The pathology of lymphocystis consists of papilloma-like skin lesions composed of greatly hypertrophied infected host cells embedded in extracellular matrix, sometimes called lymphocystis tumor cells, which are grossly evident as white spots on the skin and fins of infected fish.[15] These lesions proliferate as epithelial tumors in some cases.[16]

Histopathology

In a recent comparison of lymphocystis histopathology of four unrelated marine species, lesions consistently associated with lymphocystis included hypertrophied cells displaying irregular nuclei, basophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies that stained positively via Feulgen and Mann's reaction and Periodic acid-Shiff (PAS)-positive hyaline capsules.[5] Hyaline capsules arise from the extracellular matrix that is produced by the infected cells,[14] and are composed of sulphated and carboxylated glycoproteins (acid mucopolysaccharides).[14] In contrast, the inclusion body shape, distribution of viral particles within the cytoplasm and overall appearance of lymphocystis nodules varied by species.[5] The species examined in this study included the white-spotted puffer (Arothron hispidus), the Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus), olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and the "sting fish" or Schlegel's black rockfish (Sebastes schegeli) [5]

Serology

Several serologic assays have been developed to identify LCDV infections, including flow cytometry,[17] immunoblot,[17][18] and immunofluorescence.[17] However, PCR-based molecular assays are more practical for most applications.[6]

Electron microscopy

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of infected cells reveals cytoplasmic virus particles typically measuring from 198-227 nm in diameter[4] (in some cases as large as 380 nm)[4][14] and electron-dense substances in the perinuclear space.[5]

Molecular pathology

Published PCR primers and protocol are available to amplify a portion of the LCDV-1 MCP.[6] When the PCR diagnostic assay is combined with slot blot, diagnostic sensitivity is increased, facilitating the diagnosis of asymptomatic LCDV-1 infections.[6]

References
  1. "Iridoviridae". ICTV Online (10th) Report.
  2. "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  3. Whittington, RJ; Becker, JA; Dennis, MM (2010). "Iridovirus infections in finfish - critical review with emphasis on ranaviruses". Journal of Fish Diseases. 33 (2): 95–122. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01110.x. PMID 20050967.
  4. Essbauer, S; Ahne, W (2001). "Viruses of Lower Vertebrates". Journal of Veterinary Medicine B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health. 48 (6): 403–475. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0450.2001.00473.x. PMC 7159363. PMID 11550762.
  5. Sheng, X; Xing, J; Zhan, W; Wang, Y (2007). "Comparative studies on histopathological features of lymphocystis disease in four species of marine fish". Journal of Fishery Sciences of China (5).
  6. Cano, I; Ferro, P; Alonso, MC; Bergmann, SM; Romer-Oberdorfer, A; Garcia-Rosado, E; Castro, D; Borrego, JJ (2006). "Development of molecular techniques for detection of lymphocystis disease virus in different marine fish species". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 102 (1): 32–40. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03066.x. PMID 17184317.
  7. Hossain, M; Kim, SR; Oh, MJ (2007). "The lymphocystis diseases in the Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceous". University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University. 26: 59–62. doi:10.3329/ujzru.v26i0.700.
  8. "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  9. Tidona, CA; Darai, G (1997). "The complete DNA sequence of LCDV". Virology. 230 (2): 207–216. doi:10.1006/viro.1997.8456. PMID 9143276.
  10. vanRegenmortel, MHV; Fauquet, CM; Bishop, DHL; Carstens, EB; Estes, MK; Lemon, SM; Maniloff, J; Mayo, MA; McGeoch, DJ; Pringle, CR; Wickner, RB (2000). "Virus Taxonomy, Seventh Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses". Journal of Fish Diseases.
  11. Eaton HE, Ring BA, Brunetti CR (2010). "The genomic diversity and phylogenetic relationship in the family Iridoviridae." Viruses. 2:1458-1475. http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/2/7/1458/pdf
  12. Goorha, R (1982). "Frog virus 3 DNA replication occurs in two stages". Journal of Virology. 43 (2): 519–28. doi:10.1128/JVI.43.2.519-528.1982. PMC 256155. PMID 7109033.
  13. Chinchar VG, Essbauer S, He JG, Hyatt A, Miyazaki T, Seligy V, Williams T (2005). "Family Iridoviridae 145-162. In Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselburger U, Ball LA (eds). Virus Taxonomy, Eighth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego, USA.
  14. Essbauer, S; Fischer, U; Bergmann, S; Ahne, W (2004). "Investigations on the ORF 167L of Lymphocystis Disease Virus (Iridoviridae)". Virus Genes. 28 (1): 19–39. doi:10.1023/B:VIRU.0000012261.96217.fe. PMID 14739649. S2CID 1148390.
  15. Harikrishnan, R; Kim, MC; Kim, JS; Balasundaram, C; Heo, MS (2010). "Immune enhancement of chemotherapeutants on lymphocystis disease virus (LDV) infected Paralichthys olivaceous". Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 29 (5): 862–867. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2010.07.032. PMID 20688171.
  16. Samalecos, CP (1986). "Analysis of the structure of fish lymphocystis disease virions from skin tumours of pleuronectes". Archives of Virology. 91 (1–2): 1–10. doi:10.1007/bf01316723. PMID 3753198. S2CID 13431588.
  17. Garcia-Rosado, E; Castro, D; Cano, I; Perez-Prieto, SI; Borrego, JJ; Borrego, JJ (2002). "Serological techniques for detection of lymphocystis virus in fish". Aquatic Living Resources. 15 (3): 179–185. doi:10.1016/s0990-7440(02)01174-9.
  18. Cano, I; Alonso, MC; Garcia-Rosado, E; RodriguezSaint-Jean, S; Castro, D; Borrego, JJ (2006). "Detection of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) in asymptomatic cultured gilt-head seabream (Spartus aurata, L) using an immunoblot technique". Veterinary Microbiology. 113 (1–2): 137–141. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.10.024. PMID 16298500.
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