M. Gopala Krishna Iyer

Ma.Ko. was born in the village of Lalgudi, Trichinopalli district in 1878 in a highly pious, disciplined and close-knit family. His father, Mahadeva Iyer, worked as shirastedar at Madurai sub-court. His mother Pravartha Srimathi was a highly pious lady and an embodiment of patience, from whom young Gopalakrishnan and his siblings learnt all the stories from Indian epics and puranas. He had two elder brothers, Jagadeesan and Paramasivam, a younger brother, Duraiswamy and two younger sisters Chellameenakshi and Parvatham.

Ma.Ko. passed the FA examination and then learnt Tamil under the celebrated Tamil scholar, Cholavandan Arasan Shanmukanar. Ma.Ko's articles were published in various journals from 1896 when he was only eighteen years old.

In 1897, when he was 19, he had accompanied King of Ramnad, Baskara Sethupathy, to Pamban to receive Swami Vivekananda when Swami was returning to India after his heroic historic trip to the U.S. Ma.Ko was highly inspired by the magnetic personality of Swami.[5] In July 1985 while in New York, Swami Vivekananda had composed 13 songs under the title Song of the Sannyasin. Ma.Ko. rendered a splendid translation of these 13 songs.[6] He also served as secretary of Vivekananda Union, Madurai.

On 5, May 1901, he founded the Madurai Manavar Senthamizh Sangam to promote learning of Tamil among the students. He was only 23 then and he has said that Madurai, the great centre for Tamil, did not have a Tamil Sangam then and that he founded it to fill this void. This was founded even before the founding of Madurai Tamil Sangam by Pandithurai Thevar. Ma.Ko., a close friend of Pandithurai Thevar, also served as examiner and governing member in Madurai Tamil Sangam.

While carrying on these literary and academic activities, Ma.Ko. was also serving as lecturer in Tamil in the Madura College, then known as Native College of Madurai.

He also founded a library and named it Nachinarkinian Memorial Library (after the celebrated Tamil scholar). Subramania Bharati used to visit this library and there developed a friendship between Ma.Ko. and Bharathi. Ma.Ko. was one of the few pundits who recognized the greatness of Bharathi.[2] In 1904, after Bharathi quit his job in Ettayapuram, he met Ma.Ko. who helped him to get a job in Sethupathy High School.[7]

G.Subramania Iyer, the editor of Sudesamitran was another close friend of Ma.Ko. During one of his visits to Madurai, G.Subramania Iyer requested Ma.Ko. to suggest a young man to serve as sub editor. Ma.Ko. introduced and recommended Bharathi for that job. Subramania Iyer was delighted with Bharathi and asked him to come to Chennai to join Sudesamitran.[2][8]

In 1907, Ma.Ko attended the Surat Congress session and wrote a detailed article in the Madurai-based journal Vivekabhanu on the pandemonium that followed the split in Congress. This article, entitled, Congress Mahasabai is considered the first published report in Tamil on the Surat session. Like Bharathi and VOC, Ma.Ko. supported Lokmanya Tilak and Aurobindo Ghosh.

After scanning 400 years of English poetry from Shakespeare to Tennyson, he chose over 40 pieces with aesthetic and moral values and rendered them in Tamil for the benefit of Tamil students. Among the experts who hailed him as a great translator were Rev.G.U.Pope[9] and Bharathi.[10]

In 1909, Ma.Ko. and Kandasami Kavirayar, a great Tamil poet, published a new journal Vidyabhanu. In 1915, he compiled all his published works including his Tamil poems, translations and essays and published them under the title, Arumporuttirattu.[9] It was sponsored by the philanthropist Pethachi Chettiyar and published by Madurai Tamil Sangam. In 1916, under the auspices of his Madurai Manavar Senthamizh Sangam he started another journal by name Vivekodhayam. Many great Tamil scholars contributed articles to this journal. This journal was hailed by patriots like Subramania Siva and V.O. Chidambaram Pillai.

He used his vocation as teacher and journalist to instil value education in the young. Two of his great concerns were to inspire feelings of patriotism and develop love of Tamil language among the student population.

Ma.Ko. married Dharmambal, (daughter of Annasami Iyer) and the couple had four daughters (Perunthiru, Annapurani, Savitri and Gomathi) and two sons (Sidhamoorthy and Krishnamoorthy).

Ma.Ko. was invited to head the Dept. of Tamil at National College, Trichy in 1919 and he moved from Madurai to Trichy. At the request of his students at National college, Ma.Ko. started yet another journal, Nachinarkkiniyan. Ma.Ko. always considered teaching a labour of love and it is little wonder that his students bagged the gold medals by standing first in Madras Presidency. For the benefit of his students, he used to translate into Tamil the English poems that were prescribed as part of the syllabus and publish them in his journal. He also wrote editorials and poems celebrating patriots. After his mentor, Arasan Shanmukanar's demise, Ma.Ko. received the manuscript of his Valluvar Nerisai, wrote the commentary for it and published it in 1919.

Two of his works Filial Duty (புதல்வர் கடமை) and Visvanathan (விஸ்வநாதன்) were prescribed for TLSC Public Examination from 1921 to 1926. In 1927, when Meenakshi College was getting ready to become Annamalai University, he received an invitation to join the teaching fraternity of the University. He had accepted the invitation and was to join in June 1927, but he took ill and died in April 1927. When his health started failing, he realised that his days were numbered and as the editor of Nachinarkkiniyan, he was anxious that the subscribers who had paid the annual subscription in advance may lose their money if the journal ceased to come. So he made an announcement in March that in case of his demise the subscribers can take his books in lieu of the money already paid.

He was admired by his contemporaries for his unceasing and indefatigable efforts towards the development of Tamil.[5][11] He was also admired for his impartiality, courage of conviction, gurubhakthi, simplicity and hard work. An elegy written on him by Lakshmi Narasimha Iyer features in Tamil Pulavar Agara Varisai:[12]

எக்காலும் முயற்சியோடு மேதாவ

தொன்றுரைத்தோ எழுதி யேயோ

தொக்கார்கண் டுவந்திடநின் னுடல்பொருளா

வியாம்மூன்றும் சோர்வில் லாமல்

மிக்காரும் தமிழ்மொழிக்கே விழைந்துதவும்

மேன்மையினை விதியி லாதேன்

எக்காலம் கண்டிடுவேன் கோபால

கிருட்டிணனே எங்கு சென்றாய்?

A prolific writer, his articles were published in several journals from 1896, when he was hardly nineteen. Many of them were compiled under the title Arumporuttirattu and published by the Madurai Tamil Sangam in 1915. He continued to write till his demise in 1927 and some of his works were prescribed as textbooks in Chennai and Ceylon from 1921 to 1926. His works can be classified under the following 8 heads:

Ma.Ko was a champion of women's empowerment and naturally advocated women's education. In 1916, when he started the journal Vivekodayam from Madurai, he announced a discount for women subscribers, and also made his cousin V. Balammal the assistant editor.

When there was a Govt. notification that all the states should submit their recommendations on women's education by 12 September 1916, Ma.ko ‘s journal Vivekodayam carried this news. He further suggested that the state governments should organize women's forums and seek the opinions of women members and send the final recommendations only after including what the women had to say.

He invited many women speakers like Pandithai Asalambikai Ammayar, Srimathi Krishnaveni, Srimathi Padmavathi to his Manavar Sangam to speak on various topics useful to students. He felicitated them in beautiful poetry and published them in the following issue of Vivekodayam. When there was a proposal to raise a memorial fund in the name of Sudesamitran Subramania Iyer, his journal suggested that 50% of the fund should be allocated for improving the status of women. Balammal recommended that there should be vocational centres for women to enable them to be economically independent.

In some of his essays, he celebrates the educated women of ancient India. In one of them, மதனலீலையார்,[15] he addresses all women as his sisters and tells them that timidity is no sign of virtue. He exhorts them to influence the family and educate themselves. His zeal for women's education is brought out in many of his works that feature in the 1915 collection (Arumporuttirattu). Special mention should be made of this delightful little poem, Pen kalvipperu (பெண் கல்விப்பேறு):

நாற்பொருளும் நாம்பெற்றேம்: நன்மக்கட் பேறுற்றேம்:

நாற்குணத்தேம் நாமகளின் நல்லருளால் – நாற்றிசையீர்!

மண்கல் விலங்காதி மானஇரேம்: பெற்றேமால்

பெண்கல்வி என்னுமொரு பேறு.

Ma.Ko considered the girl child a hundred times more valuable than a boy child.[16] He celebrated the birth of his first daughter in times when orthodox Hindu families looked forward to a male as the first-born.

He wrote an anti-dowry article in 1914, moved by the tragic episode of Snehalatha who ended her life unable to bear the travails her father had to go through. In that article, published by the Tamil journal Poorna Chandrodayam, he appeals to the young men to become aware of the evil consequences of dowry system and also spread this awareness.

Ma.ko's love for Tamil and the zeal to ensure its rightful place is seen in many of his poems, essays, translations and speeches. He founded the Madurai Manavar Senthamizh sangam in 1901 to encourage the learning of Tamil. Students from Madurai and other Tamil speaking areas were taught, tested and certified by this sangam. Many great scholars and philanthropists have participated in this forum including U.Ve.Saminatha Iyer, Pethachi Chettiyar, Ragunatha Rajaliar, V. Krishnasamy Iyer and Pandithurai Thevar.