M19 Maschinengranatwerfer

The M-19 Maschinengranatwerfer is a German 50 mm mortar which was used during World War II. The mortar was developed in 1934 for the purpose of defending permanent military bases. It had a maximum rate of fire of 120 rounds per minute and a range of 750 metres.

M19 Maschinengranatwerfer
The remnants of a M19 Maschinengranatwerfer in Festungsfront in Oder-Warthe fortress in Międzyrzecz, Poland.
TypeMortar
Place of originGermany
Production history
Designed1934
ManufacturerRheinmetall-Borsig
No. built150
Specifications
Mass220 kg
Shell weight0.9 kg
Caliber50 mm
Elevation+48° to +87°
Traverse360°
Rate of fire60-120 rounds per minute
Muzzle velocity44-83 m/s
Maximum firing range50-750 m

Design

Created by Rheinmetall-Borsig, it is a very heavy and complicated weapon system, with its barrel and base alone weighing 220 kg.

This automatic 5 cm mortar could fire a maximum of 120 bombs a minute, and was electrically operated with manual backup. The firing rate of 120 bombs/minute was seldom used as it caused much stress and wear on the construction. It was loaded with clips of six bombs by two crew members. Several other crew members prepared the clips. One gunner aimed and fired the weapon.

It is unknown how many units were built, but it is estimated that the number could hardly have been much more than 150. Some mounted in the West Wall (Westwall) in Germany were removed and positioned on the Atlantic Wall.

The idea was that the M19 mortar would be used in conjunction with machine guns, especially those mounted in armoured domes. The mortar was to fire into "dead zone" or "blind zone" areas that were out of range and direct sighting for the machine guns, such as low spots in the terrain and the far sides of hills and ridges. In this way enemy soldiers seeking cover from direct fire would be flushed out into the open, so that the machine guns could engage them. The 5 cm projectiles possessed small amount of high-explosive filler and generated only a small number of fragments. It required a significant number of rounds to have effect on troops in prone positions and seeking cover.

R-633 bunker

The R-633 bunker was designed to protect the M19.[1] Fewer than 100 R-633 were built.[2]: 225  Where possible the entire construction was to be buried underground, leaving just the flat armoured opening on the roof to fire through. Access to the bunker was by way of a trench.

The automatic feeder for the mortar required a three-phase electricity supply to power the lift, otherwise ammunition had to be passed up. Earlier versions were manually fed using a flywheel. The bunker held 3,944 mortar rounds. A 24 V battery system provided lighting. Bulbs illuminated to show the rate of fire, 40, 60, 80 or 120 round per minute.

Each R-633 was built to the standard B strength, with 2 m thick walls and roof. If, as was standard, it was to be completely buried, 1,900 m3 had to be excavated. Each bunker required 845 m3 of concrete, 40 tonnes of steel rebar and 6.3 tonnes of other steel items.[1] The weapon was installed in an armoured dome weighing 39 tonnes.[3]

Two armoured turrets were designed:[2]: 350 

  • 34P8 Panzerturm für 5cm M19 Maschinengranatwerfer mit Schachtring B strength designed in 1935
  • 49P8 Panzerturm für 5cm M19 Maschinengranatwerfer was A-1 strength designed in 1935

(The 34 and 49 refer to the type of design, the P stands for Panzer or armoured, the 8 is the sum of the last 2 digits of the year (3+5=8))

The R-633 had a crew of 14 men, half working with the mortar, the remainder providing local defence.[4]

M-19 locations
Fjell, Norway festning R633 M-19 Maschinengranatenwerfer
  • Alderney - 2[5]
    • Bonne Terre Valley (Widerstandsnest Mullerhof)
    • Longis Bay (Stützpunkt Steinbruch)
  • Belgium
    • Harbour of Oostende - 2 [4][6]
  • Denmark - 20
  • France - 48 [1]
  • Germany - 32
  • Guernsey - 4 [13]
    • Chouet (Stützpunkt Krahennest)
    • Fort Hommet (Stützpunkt Rotenstein)
    • Fort Saumarez (Stützpunkt Langenberg)
    • Grandes Rocques Stützpunkt Großfels
  • Jersey - 1
  • Netherlands
    • Breskens
    • Kernwerk fortress (Forteiland) - 2 [16]
  • Norway
    • Kristiansand S - 2
    • Fjell - 3[2]: 232 
    • U-boot Bunker BRUNO, Bergen (installation on UBB never finished) - 1[2]: 232 
    • Ørland - 1
    • Storfosna - 1
    • Kristiansund N - 2
    • Bodø - 1
    • Kirkenes - 1 (maybe 2)
  • Poland
    • Ostwall defence line
    • Festung Oder warthe Bogen, Międzyrzecz with 49P8 turret with a 438P01 turret for observation - 2 [4]

References
  1. Zaloga, Steven J (2012-11-20). The Atlantic Wall (1): France. Osprey Publishing, 2012. p. 39. ISBN 9781782007074.
  2. Kaufmann, J.E.; et al. Fortress Third Reich: German Fortifications and Defense Systems in World War II. Da Capo Press, 2007. ISBN 9780306816352.
  3. "Panzerturm für 5cm-Maschinengranatwerfer M19 424P01".
  4. "M19 Maschinengranatwerfer".
  5. Davenport, Trevor (2003). Festung Alderney. Barnes publishing. ISBN 0-9545714-0-1.
  6. "German Mortar Bunker". Traces of War.
  7. "M19 Maschinengranatwerfer".
  8. "Atlantic Wall Places in Denmark and Norway".
  9. "M 19 mortar, U-boat base".
  10. "Brittany K.V.Gruppe Lorient Wn Lo25 Le Locmiquel, Cote 40".
  11. "Ra230 Fort de la Cité d'Aleth. Inside the wall. K.V.U. Gruppe Festung St Malo, K.V.Gruppe Rance".
  12. Kaufmann, J.E.; et al. (2014-07-02). The Forts and Fortifications of Europe 1815-1945: The Central States: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Pen and Sword, 2014. ISBN 9781473838550.
  13. Gavey, Ernie (2001). German Fortifications of Guernsey. Guernsey Armouries. ISBN 978-0953163106.
  14. "M19 Fortress mortar". 16 June 2012.
  15. "La Corbière Point, Saint Brelade". CIOS.
  16. "Kernwerk".
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