mkdir

The mkdir (make directory) command in the Unix, DOS, DR FlexOS,[1] IBM OS/2,[2] Microsoft Windows, and ReactOS[3] operating systems is used to make a new directory. It is also available in the EFI shell[4] and in the PHP scripting language. In DOS, OS/2, Windows and ReactOS, the command is often abbreviated to md.

mkdir
Developer(s)Various open-source and commercial developers
Written inMS-DOS: x86 assembly language
Plan 9, ReactOS: C
Operating systemUnix, Unix-like, Plan 9, Inferno, DOS, MSX-DOS, FlexOS, OS/2, Windows, ReactOS, KolibriOS
PlatformCross-platform
TypeCommand
LicenseGNU coreutils: GPLv3+
MS-DOS, Plan 9: MIT
FreeDOS: GPLv2+
ReactOS: GPLv2

The command is analogous to the Stratus OpenVOS create_dir command.[5] MetaComCo TRIPOS and AmigaDOS provide a similar MakeDir command to create new directories.[6][7] The numerical computing environments MATLAB and GNU Octave include an mkdir function with similar functionality.[8][9]

History

In early versions of Unix (4.1BSD and early versions of System V), this command had to be setuid root as the kernel did not have an mkdir syscall. Instead, it made the directory with mknod and linked in the . and .. directory entries manually. The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later.[10] Digital Research DR DOS 6.0[11] and Datalight ROM-DOS[12] also include an implementation of the md and mkdir commands.

The version of mkdir bundled in GNU coreutils was written by David MacKenzie.[13] It is also available in the open source MS-DOS emulator DOSBox and in KolibriOS.[14]

Usage
The ReactOS mkdir command

Normal usage is as straightforward as follows:

mkdir name_of_directory

where name_of_directory is the name of the directory one wants to create. When typed as above (i.e. normal usage), the new directory would be created within the current directory. On Unix and Windows (with Command extensions enabled,[15] the default[16]), multiple directories can be specified, and mkdir will try to create all of them.

Options

On Unix-like operating systems, mkdir takes options. The options are:

  • -p (--parents): parents or path, will also create all directories leading up to the given directory that do not exist already. For example, mkdir -p a/b will create directory a if it doesn't exist, then will create directory b inside directory a. If the given directory already exists, ignore the error.
  • -m (--mode): mode, specify the octal permissions of directories created by mkdir .

-p is most often used when using mkdir to build up complex directory hierarchies, in case a necessary directory is missing or already there. -m is commonly used to lock down temporary directories used by shell scripts.

Examples

An example of -p in action is:

mkdir -p /tmp/a/b/c

If /tmp/a exists but /tmp/a/b does not, mkdir will create /tmp/a/b before creating /tmp/a/b/c.

And an even more powerful command, creating a full tree at once (this however is a Shell extension, nothing mkdir does itself):

mkdir -p tmpdir/{trunk/sources/{includes,docs},branches,tags}

If one is using variables with mkdir in a bash script, POSIX `special' built-in command 'eval' would serve its purpose.

DOMAIN_NAME=includes,docs
eval "mkdir -p tmpdir/{trunk/sources/{${DOMAIN_NAME}},branches,tags}"

This will create:

          tmpdir
    ________|______
   |        |      |
branches   tags  trunk
                   |
                 sources
               ____|_____
              |          |
          includes     docs

See also

References
  1. "Users guide" (PDF). bitsavers.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-10-22.
  2. "JaTomes Help - OS/2 Commands". www.jatomes.com.
  3. "GitHub - reactos/reactos: A free Windows-compatible Operating System". October 22, 2019 – via GitHub.
  4. "EFI Shells and Scripting". Intel. Retrieved 2013-09-25.
  5. "Reference manual" (PDF). stratadoc.stratus.com. Retrieved 2019-10-22.
  6. "Introduction to Tripos" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-10-22.
  7. Rügheimer, Hannes; Spanik, Christian (October 22, 1988). AmigaDOS quick reference. Grand Rapids, Mi : Abacus. ISBN 9781557550491 – via Internet Archive.
  8. "Make new folder - MATLAB mkdir". www.mathworks.com.
  9. "Function Reference: mkdir". octave.sourceforge.io.
  10. Wolverton, Van (2003). Running MS-DOS Version 6.22 (20th Anniversary Edition), 6th Revised edition. Microsoft Press. ISBN 0-7356-1812-7.
  11. "DR DOS 6.0 User Guide Optimisation and Configuration Tips" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-09-30. Retrieved 2019-08-13.
  12. "Datalight ROM-DOS User's Guide" (PDF). www.datalight.com.
  13. "mkdir(1): make directories - Linux man page". linux.die.net.
  14. "Shell - KolibriOS wiki". wiki.kolibrios.org.
  15. "Microsoft Windows XP - Mkdir". Microsoft. Archived from the original on July 22, 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  16. "Microsoft Windows XP - Cmd". Microsoft. Retrieved 25 October 2012.

Further reading
  • Cooper, Jim (2001). Special Edition Using MS-DOS 6.22, Third Edition. Que Publishing. ISBN 978-0789725738.
  • Kathy Ivens; Brian Proffit (1993). OS/2 Inside & Out. Osborne McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0078818714.
  • Frisch, Æleen (2001). Windows 2000 Commands Pocket Reference. O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-00148-3.
  • Barrett, Daniel J. (2012). Macintosh Terminal Pocket Guide: Take Command of Your Mac. O'Reilly. ISBN 978-1449328986.
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Guide to Windows Commands
The Wikibook Guide to Unix has a page on the topic of: Commands
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