Mortier 120mm Rayé Tracté Modèle F1

In Turkey, a variant was derived and manufactured by MKEK as the HY 12 mortar. It is towed by a Unimog light truck, carrying a crew of 6 and 60 rounds. MKEK produces the "Mod 209 High-Explosive (HE) bomb" ammunition for this.[4]

The Japan Ground Self-Defense Force operate the MO-120-RT both in the towed configuration as well as mounted in a vehicle, the Type 96.

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  Towed configuration in Japanese service. Prime mover is Toyota Mega Cruiser.
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  JGSDF version Type 96 Heavy mortar
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  JGSDF SP Type 96 variant

Italian Army 2R2M Mortar

The 2R2M is a vehicle-mounted and automated mortar system derived from the MO-120 RT.[5]

The United States Marine Corps began looking for an Expeditionary Fire Support System (EFSS) in 2001 after the start of operations in Afghanistan exposed their lack of expeditionary artillery lighter than a 155 mm howitzer but heavier than a 60 mm mortar. Early on, the 120 RT weapon became tied to the development of the MV-22 Osprey, which would contain a Growler ITV jeep that would tow it; both efforts were troubled and experienced delays. The EFSS was first used operationally in Afghanistan in February 2011, firing an M1105 illumination projectile.[6] The full EFSS was introduced in 2009, consisting of two light vehicles, one towing the mortar and the other an ammunition trailer, that fit inside an MV-22 or CH-53E Super Stallion; an EFSS battery is made up of roughly 50 Marines.[7]

From 2011 to 2015, the Marines and Raytheon developed the precision extended range munition (PERM) for the EFSS, a GPS-guided round that delivers greater range and better accuracy. The 35 lb (16 kg) round increased range from 8 km (5.0 mi) to 16 km (9.9 mi), falling within 10 meters of the target and as close as two meters, costing $18,000 each, and having 2.5–3 times more lethality. The extra range came from tail fins for stabilization and canards near the nose to make in-flight adjustments and make it glide as it descends, and the greater lethality was a result of this flight path; normal artillery rounds impact at a 45 degree angle, which blows the top half of the round straight up into the air, but descending at a sharp angle places more energy and fragmentation directly on a target. It was even capable of hitting reverse slope positions by shaping its trajectory. Greater accuracy also reduces logistical burdens, as using fewer rounds to destroy one target means a unit can last longer without needing resupply. The PERM was to begin fielding in 2018. Raytheon planned to add semi-active laser (SAL) guidance to PERM rounds to enable them to hit moving targets.[8][9][7][10]

By December 2017, the U.S. Marines had divested the EFSS. With the Marines working to extend the range of their artillery arsenal, the EFSS' limited range was not seen as well suited for future missions, so it was chosen for divestment in favor of moving more resources for precision fires.[11] The role was later filled in 2021 by the Hero-120 loitering munition launched from various vehicles.[12]

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  M327 mortar rifling
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  M327 mortar sight
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  M327 120mm Rifled Towed Mortar
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  USMC M327 transported internally by an Amphibious Assault Vehicle
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  USMC High explosive round showing rifling
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  A MO-120 RT of the Cypriot National Guard.

•  Canada[5]
•  Iraq[22]
•  Rwanda: 25 delivered in 1990–1991.[13]
•  United States: 66 delivered between 2008 and 2013[13]—in service with the US Marine Corps as the M327 120 mm Expeditionary Fire Support System[23] Phased out in 2017.[24]
•  Panama Formerly used by the Panama Defense Forces[25]