Gaekwad dynasty

Gaekwads (also spelled as Gaikwads, Guicowars, Gaekwars) (IAST: Gāyakavāḍa), a Hindu Maratha dynasty of the former Maratha Empire and its subsequent (erstwhile) princely state of Baroda in western India from the early 18th century until 1947.[1][2] The ruling prince was known as the Maharaja Gaekwad of Baroda. With the city of Baroda (Vadodara) as its capital, during the British Raj its relations with the British were managed by the Baroda Residency. It was one of the largest and wealthiest princely states existing alongside British India, with wealth coming from the lucrative cotton business as well as rice, wheat and sugar production.[3]

Laxmi Vilas Palace of the Gaekwad dynasty.

Gaekwad dynasty
Former Monarchy
1721–1947
Flag of Baroda Sate
Flag

Baroda state in 1909
History
History 
• Established
1721
• Accession to India
1947
Succeeded by
India

Early history
A print of Maharaja Sayajirao Gaikwad

The Gaekwad rule of Baroda began when the Maratha general Pilaji Rao Gaekwad conquered the city from the Mughal Empire in 1721. The Gaekwads were granted the city as a Jagir by Chhatrapati Shahu I, the Chhatrapati of the Maratha empire.

In their early years, the Gaekwads served as subordinates of the Dabhade family, who were the Maratha chiefs of Gujarat and holders of the senapati (commander-in-chief) title. When Umabai Dabhade joined Tarabai's side against Balaji Baji Rao, Pilaji's son Damaji Rao Gaekwad commanded the Dabhade force. He was defeated, and remained under Peshwa's arrest from May 1751 to March 1752. In 1752, he was released after agreeing to abandon the Dabhades and accept the Peshwa's suzerainty. In return, Damaji was made the Maratha chief of Gujarat, and the Peshwa helped him expel the Mughals from Gujarat.[4]

Damaji subsequently fought alongside Sadashiv Rao, Vishwas Rao, Malhar Rao Holkar, Jankoji Scindia, Sidhoji Gharge-Desai (Deshmukh) and Mahadji Shinde in the Third Battle of Panipat (1761). After the Maratha defeat at Panipat, the central rule of the Peshwas was weakened. As a result, the Gaekwads, along with several other powerful Maratha clans, established themselves as virtually independent rulers, while recognizing the nominal authority of the Peshwas and suzerainty of the Bhonsle Maharaja of Satara.

British suzerainty
Sayajirao with Richard Temple, the Governor of Bombay and other members of the court. Circa 1880

The Gaekwads, together with several Maratha chieftains, fought the British in the First Anglo-Maratha War.

On 15 March 1802, the British intervened to defend the Gaekwad Maharaja, Anand Rao Gaekwad, who had recently inherited the throne against rival claimants, and the Gaekwads concluded the Treaty of Cambey with the British that recognized their independence from the Maratha empire and guaranteed the Maharajas of Baroda local autonomy in return for recognizing British suzerainty.

Maharaja Sayaji Rao III, who took the throne in 1875, did much to modernize Baroda, establishing compulsory primary education, a library system and the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. He also encouraged the setting up of textile factories, which helped create Baroda's textile industry. He is well known for offering B. R. Ambedkar a scholarship to study at Columbia University.

Upon India attaining its independence in 1947, the last ruling Maharaja of Baroda, Pratapsinhrao, acceded to India. Baroda was eventually merged with Bombay State, which was later divided, based on linguistic principle, into the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra in 1960.

Gaekwad or Gayakwad also survives as a fairly common Maratha surname, found mainly in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

Gaikwad Maharajas of Baroda
Pilaji Rao, the founder of the dynasty
  • Nandaji Rao Gaikwad, died May 1721
    • Kerojirao
      • Jhingojirao
        • Pilaji Rao Gaikwad, reigned from 1721, died 14 May 1732
          • I. Damaji Rao, reigned from 1732, died 18 August 1768
            • II. Sayaji Rao I, reigned 1768–1778, died 1792
            • III. Fateh Singh Rao I, born before April 1751, reigned from 1778, died 26 December 1789
            • IV. Manaji Rao, born before April 1751, reigned from 1789, died 27 July 1793
            • V. Govind Rao, born 175?, reigned from 1793, died 19 September 1800
              • VI. Anand Rao, born 179?, reigned from 1800, died 2 October 1819
              • VI. Sayajirao II, born 3 May 1800, reigned from 1819, died 28 December 1847
                • VII. Ganpat Rao, born 1816, reigned from 1847, died 1856
                • VIII. Khanderao II GCSI, born 1828, reigned from 1856, died 14 June 1870
                • IX. Malhar Rao, born 1831, reigned 1870 – 19 April 1875, died in obscurity in 1882
          • Prataprao (d. 1737 Kavlana branch)
            • Kalojirao
              • Gabajirao
                • Bhikajirao
                  • Kashirao (1832-1877)
                    • X. Sayajirao III GCSI, GCIE, born 10 March 1863, reigned from 1875, died 6 February 1939
                      • Yuvraja Fatehsinhrao (1883-1908)
                        • XI. Pratap Singh Rao GCIE, born 29 June 1908, reigned from 1939, titular Maharaja from 1949, deposed 1951, died 19 July 1968
                          • XII. Fatehsinhrao II, born 2 April 1930, titular Maharaja 1951–1971, family head: 1971–1988, died 1 September 1988
                          • XIII. Ranjitsinh, born 8 May 1938, family head from 1988, died 9 May 2012
                            • XIV. Samarjitsinh, born 25 April 1967, family head since 2012

Family tree
Gaekwad dynasty and the Family tree of the Maharajas of Baroda
Pilaji Rao
(1)
r. 1721-1732
Damaji Rao
(2)
r. 1732-1768		Pratap Rao
Sayaji
Rao I
(3)
r. 1768-1778		Fateh
Singh Rao
(4)
r. 1778-1789		Govind Rao
(6)
r. 1793-1800		Manaji Rao
(5)
r. 1789-1793		Kaloji Rao
Anand Rao
(7)
r. 1800-1819		Sayaji
Rao II
(8)
r. 1819-1847		Gabaji Rao
Ganpat Rao
(9)
r. 1847-1856		Khande Rao
(10)
r. 1856-1870		Malhar Rao
(11)
r. 1870-1875		Bhikaji Rao
Kashi Rao
Sayaji
Rao III
(12)
r. 1875-1939
Fateh Singh
Rao
Pratap
Singh Rao
(13)
r. 1939-1949
– Titular –
r. 1949-1951
Fateh
Singh
Rao II
(14)
– Titular –
r. 1951-1971
Head of
the Family
1971-1988		Ranjit
Singh Rao
(15)
Head of
the Family
1988-2012
Samarjit
Singh
(16)
Head of
the Family
2012-present

See also

References
  1. Ramusack, Barbara N. (2004). The Indian Princes and their States. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 35&36. ISBN 9781139449083.
  2. Streefkerk, Hein (1985). Industrial Transition in Rural India: Artisans, Traders, and Tribals in South Gujarat. Popular Prakashan. p. 111. ISBN 9780861320677.
  3. "India Has Rich State in Baroda". Hartford Courant. 16 August 1927. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  4. Charles Augustus Kincaid; Dattatray Balwant Parasnis (1918). A History of the Maratha People Volume 3. Oxford University Press. pp. 2–10.
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