Malus fusca

Malus fusca, with the common names Oregon crabapple and Pacific crabapple, is a species of crabapple native to western North America.[1]

Malus fusca
Flowers and leaves at Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge in California
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Malus
Species:
M. fusca
Binomial name
Malus fusca
Synonyms
Synonymy
  • Malus diversifolia (Bong.) M.Roem.
  • Malus fusca var. levipes (Nutt.) C.K.Schneid.
  • Malus rivularis (Douglas ex Hook.) M.Roem.
  • Pyrus diversifolia Bong.
  • Pyrus fusca Raf. 1830
  • Pyrus fusea Raf.
  • Pyrus rivularis Douglas ex Hook.
  • Pyrus rivularis var. levipes Nutt.
  • Sorbus rivularis (Douglas ex Hook.) H.Hara

Description

Malus fusca is a deciduous tree growing up to 13 metres (43 feet) tall, with a trunk 20–25 centimetres (8–10 inches) thick.[2] The leaves are 5–8 cm (2–3 in) long, dark green above, and both pale and fibrous beneath; they turn bright orange to red in autumn.[2]

The flowers are white or pale pink, blooming in spring. The fruits are small round apple-shaped pomes, about 2 cm (3⁄4 in) long and from red to yellow-green in colour.[3][4] They may stay on the tree until winter.[5]

The trees can reach at least 100 years of age.[2]

Taxonomy

Archibald Menzies described the species in 1792 after finding it near today's Port Angeles, Washington.[2]

Distribution and habitat

The species can be found from Alaska, through British Columbia, to northwestern California. It grows in temperate coniferous forest, primarily in the Cascade Range and the Pacific Coast Ranges.[6][7][8][9][10]

The tree can grow in a variety of maritime conditions, its rootstock tolerating wet soils (including saltwater estuaries), poorly drained areas and heavy clay soils. It can be found in high-rainfall regions.[11][12]

Ecology

It can be found growing along with red alder, bigleaf maple, willows, and cascara. Animals including grouse and bears eat the fruit.[2]

Uses

The oblong fruit can be eaten, but has a sour flavor.[13] The fruit can also be used for extraction of pectin, useful in helping make jams and jellies from other fruits, and is also made into jams and jellies itself.[14] The bark can be used as an herbal medicine. It is also grown in parks and gardens as an ornamental plant.

Pacific crabapple fruits were prized by indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest as a food source,[13] and were gathered all along the coast. As a traditional medicinal plant, infusions of the bark and/or fruit were used, including for stomach disorders, skin and eye infections, and as an analgesic.[15]

The tree was also valued for its tough, resilient wood, used for making implements, and for its bark, used for a wide range of medicinal purposes.[16][17]

References
  1. Plants for a Future−PFAF: Malus fusca
  2. Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 247–248. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469.
  3. Malus fusca'- Árboles ornamentales (in Spanish)
  4. Flora of North America, Malus fusca (Rafinesque) C. K. Schneider, 1906. Oregon or Western or Pacific crabapple
  5. "Malus fusca: Western Crabapple". Portland Nursery. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
  6. Biota of North America Program: 2014 county distribution map
  7. Biota of North America Program 2014 state-level distribution map
  8. Calflora taxon report, University of California, Malus fusca (Raf.) C. Schneider Oregon crab apple, Oregon crabapple
  9. University of Washington, Burke Museum
  10. Biodiversity of the Central Coast: Pacific Crab Apple
  11. Deur Keeping it Living. University of Washington Press, 2005, p. 13.
  12. "Pacific Crabapple Project". Northwest Meadowscapes. October 29, 2017. Retrieved 2022-11-03.
  13. Little, Elbert L. (1994) [1980]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 461. ISBN 0394507614.
  14. Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. p. 506.
  15. University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of Malus fusca (Oregon Crabapple)
  16. Deur, Douglas and Turner, Nancy J. Keeping it Living. University of Washington Press, 2005, p. 13.
  17. Crabapples - University of Alaska Fairbanks description, photos, recipes
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