Marathon world record progression

This list is a chronological progression of record times for the marathon. World records in the marathon are ratified by World Athletics, the international governing body for the sport of athletics.

Eliud Kipchoge at the Berlin marathon 2022
Eliud Kipchoge during his world record run at the 2022 Berlin marathon with 2:01:09
Mary Keitany during her world record run at the 2017 London Marathon (women's only) with 2:17:01

Kenyan Kelvin Kiptum set a world record for men of 2:00:35 on October 8, 2023, at the 2023 Chicago Marathon.[1][2]

World Athletics recognizes two world records for women, a time of 2:14:04 set by Brigid Kosgei on October 13, 2019, during the Chicago Marathon, which was contested by men and women together, and a "Women Only" record of 2:17:01, set by Mary Keitany, on April 23, 2017, at the London Marathon for women only.[3][4] On September 24, 2023, Tigst Assefa broke the world record in a mixed-gender race by finishing the 2023 Berlin Marathon with a time of 2:11:53.[5]

Criteria for record eligibility
See also: List of world records in athletics § Criteria

For a performance to be ratified as a world record by World Athletics, the marathon course on which the performance occurred must be 42.195 km (26.219 mi) long,[6] measured in a defined manner using the calibrated bicycle method[7] (the distance in kilometers being the official distance, the distance in miles is an approximation) and meet other criteria that rule out artificially fast times produced on courses aided by downhill slope or tailwind.[8] The criteria include:

  • "The start and finish points of a course, measured along a theoretical straight line between them, shall not be further apart than 50% of the race distance."[6]
  • "The decrease in elevation between the start and finish shall not exceed an average of one in a thousand, i.e. 1m per km."[6]

In recognizing Kenyan Geoffrey Mutai's mark of 2:03:02 at the 2011 Boston Marathon as (at the time) "the fastest Marathon ever run", the IAAF said: "Due to the elevation drop and point-to-point measurements of the Boston course, performances [on that course] are not eligible for World record consideration."[9]

Road racing events like the marathon were specifically excepted from World Athletics rule 260 18(d) that rejected from consideration those track and field performances set in mixed competition.[6]

The Association of Road Racing Statisticians, an independent organization that compiles data from road running events, also maintains an alternate marathon world best progression but with standards they consider to be more stringent.[10][11]

Women's world record

The IAAF Congress at 2011 World Championships in Athletics passed a motion changing the record eligibility criteria effective October 6, 2007, so that women's world records must be set in all-women competitions.[12] The result of the change was that Radcliffe's 2:17:42 performance at the 2005 London Marathon would supplant her own existing women's mark as the "world record"; the earlier performance was to be referred to as a "world best".[12] The decision was met with strong protest in Britain, and in November 2011 an IAAF council member reported that Radcliffe's original mark would be allowed to stand, with the eventual decision that both marks would be recognized as "world records," the faster one as a "Mixed Gender" mark, the other as a "Women Only" mark.[13] Per the 2021 IAAF Competition Rules, "a World Record for performance achieved in mixed gender ("Mixed") races and a World Record for performance achieved in single gender ("Women only") races" is tracked separately.[14]

Unofficial record attempts

In December 2016, Nike, Inc., announced that three top distance runners — Eliud Kipchoge, Zersenay Tadese and Lelisa Desisa — had agreed to forgo the spring marathon season to work with the company in an effort to run a sub-two-hour marathon, though a detailed plan to complete the marathon in 1:59:59 or faster was not released.[15][16][17][18]

The Breaking2 event took place in the early morning of May 6, 2017; Kipchoge crossed the finish line with a time of 2:00:25.[19] This time was more than two minutes faster than the world record. Among other factors, specialized pacers were used, entering the race midway to help Kipchoge keep up the pace.[20]

Kipchoge took part in a similar attempt to break the two-hour barrier in Vienna on October 12, 2019, as part of the Ineos 1:59 Challenge. He successfully ran the first sub two-hour marathon distance, with a time of 1:59:40.2.[21] The effort did not count as a new world record under IAAF rules due to the setup of the challenge. Specifically, it was not an open event, Kipchoge was handed fluids by his support team throughout, the run featured a pace car, and included rotating teams of other runners pacing Kipchoge in a formation designed to reduce wind resistance and maximize efficiency.[22][23] The achievement was recognized by Guinness World Records with the titles 'Fastest marathon distance (male)' and 'First marathon distance run under two hours'.[24][25]

History

Marathon races were first held in 1896, but the distance was not standardized by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) until 1921.[26][27] The actual distance for pre-1921 races frequently varied slightly from the norm of 42.195 km (26 miles 385 yards). In qualifying races for the 1896 Summer Olympics, Greek runners Charilaos Vasilakos (3:18:00) and Ioannis Lavrentis (3:11:27) won the first two modern marathons.[28] On April 10, 1896, Spiridon Louis of Greece won the first Olympic marathon in Athens, Greece, in a time of 2:58:50;[29] however, the distance for the event was reported to be only 40,000 meters.[30][nb 1] Three months later, British runner Len Hurst won the inaugural Paris to Conflans Marathon (also around 40 km) in a time of 2:31:30.[32] In 1900, Hurst would better his time on the same course with a 2:26:28 performance.[nb 2] Later, Shizo Kanakuri of Japan was reported to have set a world record of 2:32:45 in a November 1911 domestic qualification race for the 1912 Summer Olympics, but this performance was also run over a distance of approximately 40 km.[36][nb 3] The first marathon over the official distance was won by American Johnny Hayes at the 1908 Summer Olympics, with a time of 2:55:18.4.[38]

It is possible that Stamata Revithi, who ran the 1896 Olympic course a day after Louis, is the first woman to run the modern marathon; she is said to have finished in 5+1⁄2 hours.[39] The IAAF credits Violet Piercy's 1926 performance as the first woman to race the standard marathon distance; however, other sources report that the 1918 performance of Marie-Louise Ledru in the Tour de Paris set the initial mark for women.[10][40][41][42] Other "unofficial" performances have also been reported to be world bests or world records over time. Although her performance is not recognized by the IAAF, Adrienne Beames from Australia is frequently credited as the first woman to break the 3-hour barrier in the marathon.[43][nb 4]

In the 1953 Boston Marathon, the top three male finishers were thought to have broken the standing world record,[45] but Keizo Yamada's mark of 2:18:51 is considered to have been set on a short course of just 25.54 miles.[46] The Boston Athletic Association does not report Yamada's performance as a world best.[47] On October 25, 1981, American Alberto Salazar and New Zealander Allison Roe set apparent world bests at the New York City Marathon (2:08:13 and 2:25:29); however, these marks were invalidated when the course was later found to have been nearly 150 meters short.[48][49] Although the IAAF's progression notes three performances set on the same course in 1978, 1979, and 1980 by Norwegian Grete Waitz, the Association of Road Racing Statisticians considers the New York City course suspect for those performances, too.[50]

On April 18, 2011, the Boston Marathon produced what were at that time the two fastest marathon performances of all time. Winner Geoffrey Mutai of Kenya recorded a time of 2:03:02,[51] followed by countryman Moses Mosop in 2:03:06. However, since the Boston course does not meet the criteria for record attempts, these times were not ratified by the IAAF.

Eight IAAF world records have been set at the Polytechnic Marathon (1909, 1913, 1952–54, 1963–65).[52] IAAF world records have been broken at all of the original five World Marathon Majors on numerous occasions (updated 09/2022); twelve times at the Berlin Marathon, three times at the Boston Marathon, five times at the Chicago Marathon, six times at the London Marathon, and five times at the New York City Marathon. However, the records established in the Boston event have been disputed on grounds of a downhill point-to-point course, while four of the five New York records have been disputed on grounds of a short course.

Men

Table key:
  Listed by the International Association of Athletics Federations as a world best prior to official acceptance[53]
  Ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations as a world best (since January 1, 2003) or world record (since January 1, 2004)[53]
  Recognized by the Association of Road Racing Statisticians (ARRS)[10]

The edition of the marathon is linked on some of the dates.

Time Name Nationality Date Event/Place Source Notes
2:55:18.4Johnny Hayes United StatesJuly 24, 1908London Olympics, EnglandIAAF[53]Time was officially recorded as 2:55:18 2/5.[54] Italian Dorando Pietri finished in 2:54:46.4, but was disqualified for receiving assistance from race officials near the finish.[55] Note.[56]
2:52:45.4Robert Fowler United StatesJanuary 1, 1909Yonkers,[nb 5] United StatesIAAF[53]Note.[56]
2:46:52.8James Clark United StatesFebruary 12, 1909New York City, United StatesIAAF[53]Note.[56]
2:46:04.6Albert Raines United StatesMay 8, 1909New York City, United StatesIAAF[53]Note.[56]
2:42:31.0Henry Barrett United KingdomMay 8, 1909[nb 6]Polytechnic Marathon, London, EnglandIAAF[53]Note.[56]
2:40:34.2Thure Johansson SwedenAugust 31, 1909Stockholm, SwedenIAAF[53]Note.[56]
2:38:16.2Harry Green United KingdomMay 12, 1913Polytechnic MarathonIAAF[53]Note.[61]
2:36:06.6Alexis Ahlgren SwedenMay 31, 1913Polytechnic MarathonIAAF[53]Report in The Times claiming world record.[62] Note.[61]
2:38:00.8Umberto Blasi ItalyNovember 29, 1914Legnano, ItalyARRS[10]
2:32:35.8Hannes Kolehmainen FinlandAugust 22, 1920Antwerp Olmpics, BelgiumIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]The course distance was officially reported to be 42,750 meters/26.56 miles,[63] however, the Association of Road Racing Statisticians estimated the course to be 40 km.[31]
2:29:01.8Albert Michelsen United StatesOctober 12, 1925Port Chester Marathon, United StatesIAAF[53]Note.[64][65]
2:30:57.6Harry Payne United KingdomJuly 5, 1929AAA Championships, London, EnglandARRS[10]
2:26:14Sohn Kee-chungJapanese KoreaMarch 21, 1935Tokyo, JapanARRS[10]Also romanized as Kitei Son.
2:27:49.0Fusashige Suzuki JapanMarch 31, 1935Tokyo, JapanIAAF[53]According to the Association of Road Racing Statisticians, Suzuki's 2:27:49 performance occurred in Tokyo on March 21, 1935, during a race in which he finished second to Sohn Kee-chung (sometimes referred to as Kee-Jung Sohn or Son Kitei) who ran a 2:26:14.[66]
2:26:44.0Yasuo Ikenaka JapanApril 3, 1935Tokyo, JapanIAAF[53]Note.[67]
2:26:42Sohn Kee-chungJapanese KoreaNovember 3, 1935Meiji Shrine Games, Tokyo, JapanIAAF[53]Also romanized as Kitei Son. Note.[67]
2:25:39Suh Yun-bok KoreaApril 19, 1947Boston MarathonIAAF[53]Disputed (short course).[68] Disputed (point-to-point).[69] Note.[70]
2:20:42.2Jim Peters United KingdomJune 14, 1952Polytechnic MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]MarathonGuide.com states the course was slightly long.[71] Report in The Times claiming world record.[72]
2:18:40.4Jim Peters United KingdomJune 13, 1953Polytechnic MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]Report in The Times claiming world record.[72]
2:18:34.8Jim Peters United KingdomOctober 4, 1953Turku MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:17:39.4Jim Peters United KingdomJune 26, 1954Polytechnic MarathonIAAF[53]Point-to-point course. Report in The Times claiming world record.[73]
2:18:04.8Paavo Kotila FinlandAugust 12, 1956Finnish Athletics Championships, Pieksämäki, FinlandARRS[10]
2:15:17.0Sergei Popov Soviet UnionAugust 24, 1958European Athletics Championships, Stockholm, SwedenIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]The ARRS notes Popov's extended time as 2:15:17.6[10]
2:15:16.2Abebe Bikila EthiopiaSeptember 10, 1960Rome Olympics, ItalyIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]World record fastest marathon run in bare feet.[74]
2:15:15.8Toru Terasawa JapanFebruary 17, 1963Beppu-Ōita MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:14:28Leonard Edelen United StatesJune 15, 1963Polytechnic MarathonIAAF[53]Point-to-point course. Report in The Times claiming world record and stating that the course may have been long.[75]
2:14:43Brian Kilby United KingdomJuly 6, 1963Port Talbot, WalesARRS[10]
2:13:55Basil Heatley United KingdomJune 13, 1964Polytechnic MarathonIAAF[53]Point-to-point course. Report in The Times claiming world record.[76]
2:12:11.2Abebe Bikila EthiopiaOctober 21, 1964Tokyo Olympics, JapanIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:12:00Morio Shigematsu JapanJune 12, 1965Polytechnic MarathonIAAF[53]Point-to-point course. Report in The Times claiming world record.[77]
2:09:36.4Derek Clayton AustraliaDecember 3, 1967Fukuoka MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:08:33.6Derek Clayton AustraliaMay 30, 1969Antwerp, BelgiumIAAF[53]Disputed (short course).[78]
2:09:28.8Ron Hill United KingdomJuly 23, 1970Edinburgh Commonwealth Games, ScotlandARRS[10]
2:09:12Ian Thompson United KingdomJanuary 31, 1974Christchurch Commonwealth Games, New ZealandARRS[10]
2:09:05.6Shigeru So JapanFebruary 5, 1978Beppu-Ōita MarathonARRS[10]
2:09:01Gerard Nijboer NetherlandsApril 26, 1980Amsterdam MarathonARRS[10]
2:08:18Robert De Castella AustraliaDecember 6, 1981Fukuoka MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:08:05Steve Jones United KingdomOctober 21, 1984Chicago MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:07:12Carlos Lopes PortugalApril 20, 1985Rotterdam MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:06:50Belayneh Dinsamo EthiopiaApril 17, 1988Rotterdam MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:06:05Ronaldo da Costa BrazilSeptember 20, 1998Berlin MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]First time the 40K mark was passed under two hours (1:59:55).[79]
2:05:42Khalid Khannouchi MoroccoOctober 24, 1999Chicago MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:05:38Khalid Khannouchi United StatesApril 14, 2002London MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]First "World's Best" recognized by the International Association of Athletics Federations.[80] The ARRS notes Khannouchi's extended time as 2:05:37.8[10]
2:04:55Paul Tergat KenyaSeptember 28, 2003Berlin MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]First world record for the men's marathon ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations.[81]
2:04:26Haile Gebrselassie EthiopiaSeptember 30, 2007Berlin MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:03:59Haile Gebrselassie EthiopiaSeptember 28, 2008Berlin MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]The ARRS notes Gebrselassie's extended time as 2:03:58.2.[10] Video on YouTube
2:03:38Patrick Makau KenyaSeptember 25, 2011Berlin MarathonIAAF,[82][83] ARRS[84]
2:03:23Wilson Kipsang KenyaSeptember 29, 2013Berlin MarathonIAAF[85][86] ARRS[84]The ARRS notes Kipsang's extended time as 2:03:22.2[84]
2:02:57Dennis Kimetto KenyaSeptember 28, 2014Berlin MarathonIAAF[87][88] ARRS[84]The ARRS notes Kimetto's extended time as 2:02:56.4[84]
2:01:39Eliud Kipchoge KenyaSeptember 16, 2018Berlin MarathonIAAF[89]
2:01:09Eliud Kipchoge KenyaSeptember 25, 2022Berlin MarathonWorld Athletics[90]
2:00:35 Kelvin Kiptum  Kenya October 8, 2023 Chicago Marathon World Athletics[91] First man to break 2:01:00 in the marathon.

Women

Table key:
  Listed by the International Association of Athletics Federations as a world best prior to official acceptance[53]
  Ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations as a world best (since January 1, 2003) or world record (since January 1, 2004)[53]
  Recognized by the Association of Road Racing Statisticians (ARRS)[10]

Time Name Nationality Date Event/Place Source Notes
5:40:xxMarie-Louise Ledru FranceSeptember 29, 1918Tour de Paris MarathonARRS[10]
3:40:22Violet Piercy United KingdomOctober 3, 1926London [nb 7]IAAF[53]The ARRS indicates that Piercy's 3:40:22 was set on August 2, 1926, during a time trial on a course that was only 35.4 km.[10]
3:37:07Merry Lepper United StatesDecember 16, 1963[nb 8]Culver City, United StatesIAAF[53]Disputed (short course).[95]
3:27:45Dale Greig United KingdomMay 23, 1964RydeIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
3:19:33Mildred Sampson New ZealandJuly 21, 1964[nb 9]Auckland, New ZealandIAAF[53]Disputed by ARRS as a time trial.[nb 9][98]
3:14:23Maureen Wilton CanadaMay 6, 1967Toronto, CanadaIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]The ARRS notes Wilton's extended time as 3:14:22.8[10]
3:07:27.2Anni Pede-Erdkamp West GermanySeptember 16, 1967Waldniel, West GermanyIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]The ARRS notes Pede-Erdkamp's extended time as 3:07:26.2[10]
3:02:53Caroline Walker United StatesFebruary 28, 1970Seaside, ORIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
3:01:42Elizabeth Bonner United StatesMay 9, 1971Philadelphia, United StatesIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:55:22Elizabeth Bonner United StatesSeptember 19, 1971New York City MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:49:40Cheryl Bridges United StatesDecember 5, 1971Culver City, United StatesIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:46:36Michiko Gorman United StatesDecember 2, 1973Culver City, United StatesIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]The ARRS notes Gorman's extended time as 2:46:37[10]
2:46:24Chantal Langlacé FranceOctober 27, 1974Neuf-Brisach, FranceIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:43:54.5Jacqueline Hansen United StatesDecember 1, 1974Culver City, United StatesIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]The ARRS notes Hansen's extended time as 2:43:54.6[10]
2:42:24Liane Winter West GermanyApril 21, 1975Boston MarathonIAAF[53]Disputed (point-to-point).[69]
2:40:15.8Christa Vahlensieck West GermanyMay 3, 1975DülmenIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:38:19Jacqueline Hansen United StatesOctober 12, 1975Nike OTC Marathon, Eugene, United StatesIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:35:15.4Chantal Langlacé FranceMay 1, 1977Oiartzun, SpainIAAF[53]
2:34:47.5Christa Vahlensieck West GermanySeptember 10, 1977Berlin MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:32:29.8Grete Waitz NorwayOctober 22, 1978New York City MarathonIAAF[53]Disputed (short course).[50][101]
2:27:32.6Grete Waitz NorwayOctober 21, 1979New York City MarathonIAAF[53]Disputed (short course).[50][102]
2:31:23Joan Benoit United StatesFebruary 3, 1980Auckland, New ZealandARRS[10]
2:30:57.1Patti Catalano United StatesSeptember 6, 1980Montreal, CanadaARRS[10]
2:25:41.3Grete Waitz NorwayOctober 26, 1980New York City MarathonIAAF[53]Disputed (short course).[50][103]
2:30:27Joyce Smith United KingdomNovember 16, 1980Tokyo, JapanARRS[10]
2:29:57Joyce Smith United KingdomMarch 29, 1981London MarathonARRS[10]
2:25:28Allison Roe New ZealandOctober 25, 1981New York City MarathonIAAF[53]Disputed (short course).[50][104]
2:29:01.6Charlotte Teske West GermanyJanuary 16, 1982Miami, United StatesARRS[10]
2:26:12Joan Benoit United StatesSeptember 12, 1982Nike OTC Marathon, Eugene, United StatesARRS[10]
2:25:28.7Grete Waitz NorwayApril 17, 1983London MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:22:43Joan Benoit United StatesApril 18, 1983Boston MarathonIAAF[53]Disputed (point-to-point).[69]
2:24:26Ingrid Kristiansen NorwayMay 13, 1984London MarathonARRS[10]
2:21:06Ingrid Kristiansen NorwayApril 21, 1985London MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:20:47Tegla Loroupe KenyaApril 19, 1998Rotterdam MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:20:43Tegla Loroupe KenyaSeptember 26, 1999Berlin MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:19:46Naoko Takahashi JapanSeptember 30, 2001Berlin MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:18:47Catherine Ndereba KenyaOctober 7, 2001Chicago MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]
2:17:18Paula Radcliffe United KingdomOctober 13, 2002Chicago MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]First "World's Best" recognized by the International Association of Athletics Federations.[80] The ARRS notes Radcliffe's extended time as 2:17:17.7[10]
2:15:25 MxPaula Radcliffe United KingdomApril 13, 2003London MarathonIAAF,[53] ARRS[10]First world record for the women's marathon ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations.[105] The ARRS notes Radcliffe's extended time as 2:15:24.6[10]
2:17:42 Wo Paula Radcliffe  Great Britain April 17, 2005 London Marathon IAAF[106]
2:17:01 Wo Mary Jepkosgei Keitany  Kenya April 23, 2017 London Marathon IAAF[107]
2:14:04 MxBrigid Kosgei KenyaOctober 13, 2019Chicago MarathonIAAF[108]
2:11:53 Mx Tigst Assefa  Ethiopia September 24, 2023 Berlin Marathon World Athletics[109] First woman to break the 2:12:00 barrier in the marathon.[110]

See also

Men's Masters Records

Women's Masters Records

Notes
  1. The Association of Road Racing Statisticians has estimated the course distance to be 37–38 km.[31]
  2. According to the "Sporting Records" section of The Canadian Year Book for 1905: "Len Hurst won the Marathon race, 40 kilometres (24 miles, 1505 yards), over roads, Conflans to Paris, Fr., in the record time of 2.26:27 3–5, July 8, 1900."[33] Other sources confirm that the direction of the 1900 race was reversed but note Hurst's finishing time as 2:26:47.4[34] or 2:26:48.[35]
  3. Road running historian Andy Milroy writing for the Association of Road Racing Statisticians has indicated that "25 miles was the distance of the first Japanese marathon held in 1911". Predating Kanakuri's performance, Milroy also indicated that a "professional world record" at the 25-mile distance of 2:32:42 was set by British runner Len Hurst on August 27, 1903.[37]
  4. According to the Association of Road Racing Statisticians, Beames' performance of 2:46:30 on August 31, 1971, in Werribee, Australia is regarded as a time trial.[44]
  5. Many references incorrectly refer to this race as the Yonkers Marathon. The Yonkers Marathon, which during the early 1900s was traditionally run during late November, was won over a month earlier by Jim Crowley.[57][58]
  6. According to the progression of world bests listed by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), James Clark set a world best of 2:46:52.8 in New York on February 12, 1909, Albert Raines broke Clark's mark with a 2:46:04.6 in New York on May 8, 1909, and Henry Barrett broke Raines' mark with a 2:42:31.0 in London on May 26, 1909.[59] Ian Ridpath, a former director of the Polytechnic marathon, has indicated on his website that some sources have wrongly listed the date of Barrett performance as May 26, 1909, and has confirmed the true date as May 8, 1909.[52] An article in The Times dated May 10, 1909, provides strong evidence that Ridpath is correct.[60] Given that Barrett's marathon in London most likely concluded before Raines' marathon held on the same date in New York, it is also likely that Barrett rather than Raines broke the world best set by Clark three months earlier.
  7. Piercy's mark was set on the Polytechnic Marathon course between Windsor and London.[92] A number of sources, including Kathrine Switzer, have reported that the venue for Piercy's mark was the actual Polytechnic Marathon,[93] however, records from the Association of Road Racing Statisticians confirm that the 1926 Polytechnic Marathon was held on May 18.[94]
  8. The Association of Road Racing Statisticians notes the date of the race as December 14, 1963.[95][96]
  9. Peter Heidenstrom, a statistician for Athletics New Zealand, has been reported as providing a date of December 1964,[97] however, the Association of Road Racing Statisticians notes the date of Sampson's performance was August 16, 1964.[98] Other sources from August to October 1964 support the August date.[99][100] The ARRS also notes that Sampson's mark was set during a time trial and does not recognize it in their progression of marathon world bests.[10][95]

References
  1. "Kelvin Kiptum nearly breaks two-hour barrier with world marathon record". Washington Post. October 8, 2023. Retrieved October 8, 2023.
  2. "Chicago Marathon 2023: Kelvin Kiptum smashes Eliud Kipchoge's world record". International Olympic Committee. October 8, 2023. Archived from the original on October 9, 2023. Retrieved October 8, 2023.
  3. "Women's outdoor Marathon - Records - iaaf.org". iaaf.org. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2014.
  4. "Interactive: A look at how three marathoners could break the sub-2hr barrier on May 6". The Straits Times. May 5, 2017. Archived from the original on September 18, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
  5. "Tigist Assefa shatters women's marathon record in new £400 shoes". The Guardian. September 24, 2023. Archived from the original on September 26, 2023. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
  6. "IAAF Competition Rules 2016–2017" (PDF). 2015. p. 275. Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  7. "IAAF Publication, "The Measurement of Road Race Courses", Second Edition, 2004, Updated 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 12, 2010. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
  8. May, Peter (April 18, 2011). "Kenya's Mutai Wins Boston in 2:03:02". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  9. Monti, David (April 18, 2011). "Strong winds and ideal conditions propel Mutai to fastest Marathon ever – Boston Marathon report". iaaf.org. International Association of Athletics Federations. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014.
  10. ARRS World Best Progressions – Road 2015.
  11. "Association of Road Racing Statisticians". ARRS. January 1, 2003. Archived from the original on April 22, 2023. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  12. Baldwin, Alan (September 20, 2011). "Argument erupts over Radcliffe's marathon record". Reuters.com. Reuters. Archived from the original on April 25, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
  13. "Paula Radcliffe keeps her marathon world record in IAAF about-turn". The Guardian. London. November 10, 2011. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
  14. IAAF Book of Rules. Vol. Book C – C1.1. IAAF. 2021. p. 32. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
  15. Ed Caesar (December 12, 2016). "Inside Nike's Quest for the Impossible: a Two-Hour Marathon". Wired. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
  16. Alex Hutchinson (December 12, 2016). "Nike's Audacious Plan: Break the 2-Hour Marathon Barrier in 2017". Runner's World. Archived from the original on January 13, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
  17. Ross Tucker, PhD (December 13, 2016). "The sub-2 hour marathon in 2017? Thoughts on concept". The Science of Sport. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
  18. "Interactive: A look at how three marathoners could break the sub-2hr barrier on May 6". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on September 18, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
  19. Jon Mulkeen (May 6, 2017). "Kipchoge a 'happy man' in Monza". IAAF. Archived from the original on May 6, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
  20. Eliud Kipchoge falls 26 seconds short of first sub two-hour marathon Archived September 22, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 7-May-2017
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