María Elena Moyano

María Elena Moyano Delgado (29 November 1958 – 15 February 1992) was an Afro-Peruvian[1] community organizer and feminist who was assassinated by the Shining Path. She grew up in poverty in the Villa El Salvador pueblo joven, then became involved in local activism. She was twice president of FEPOMUVES (the Popular Federation of Women of Villa El Salvador) and at the time of her death was deputy mayor. Her funeral was attended by 300,000 people and resulted in a downturn in support for the Shining Path. She received the Peruvian Order of Merit posthumously.

María Elena Moyano
Portrait of Moyano
Born
María Elena Moyano Delgado[1]

29 November 1958
Santiago de Surco, Lima, Peru
Died15 February 1992(1992-02-15) (aged 33)
Villa El Salvador, Lima, Peru
Cause of deathAssassination
NationalityPeruvian
Spouse
Gustavo Pineki
​
(m. 1980)​
Children2
RelativesMartha Moyano (sister)

Early life

María Elena Moyano was born in Santiago de Surco in Lima on 29 November 1958.[2] She had six siblings and her parents were Eugenia Delgado Cabrera and Hermógenes Moyano Lescano.[1] The family moved to the Villa El Salvador pueblo joven when she was 13. She grew up in poverty and won a scholarship to study law at the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega University, but then stopped her studies after two years in order to concentrate on community activism.[2][3] Moyano married Gustavo Pineki in 1980 and they had two children.[2]

Activism
View of shacks in settlement with mountain behind
Villa El Salvador pictured in 1975

In Villa El Salvador, Moyano helped to set up primary schools, soup kitchens and clubs for mothers.[3] In 1983, Moyano was involved in the foundation of the Federacion Popular de Mujeres de Villa El Salvador (FEPOMUVES, Popular Federation of Women of Villa El Salvador). The group provided training for women, set up projects and represented their interests. Moyano was twice elected president.[4] The federation organized neighbourhood cafes and ran the Vaso de Leche program, which aimed to get every child in the shanty town to drink a glass of milk every day.[5] The initiative was started by Mayor of Lima Alfonso Barrantes Lingán and the United Left, then taken over by FEPOMUVES.[2]: 44–46  By 1991, Moyano was deputy mayor of Villa El Salvador. The same year, the Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) bombed a FEPOMUVES distribution hub from which 90 cafes were supported.[4]

Moyano was critical of both the Peruvian government led by Alberto Fujimori and the Shining Path. She thought the administration was weak in imposing order and that the police were corrupt. Fujimori was imposing radical austerity measures that were leading to crippling inflation.[6] Even though she was aware that she could be assassinated, she also took a stand against the Shining Path, saying that their actions were no longer revolutionary. The Shining Path responded by denouncing her as "revisionist".[2]: 27  After the Shining Path published a leaflet denouncing her which stated she worked for the government and had herself bombed the distribution centre, Moyano replied refuting the accusations.[2]: 29  Juana López León, another Vaso de Leche activist, was murdered by the Shining Path on 31 August 1991 and Moyano started to receive death threats.[2]: 29  She briefly left the country and when she returned was given two police bodyguards. When the Shining Path called for an armed strike and for everyone to stay home on 14 February 1992, she protested by leading a peace march.[2]: 34  Moyano believed in non-violence, speaking in favour of social justice and self-government.[7][2]: 46 

Death and legacy

On 15 February 1992, Moyano was murdered in front of her children at a communal event in Villa El Salvador by members of the Shining Path.[4] The assassins first shot her and then blew her body up with explosives.[8]

An estimated 300,000 people attended the funeral of María Elena Moyano. Alongside the capture of the leader of the Shining Path, Abimael Guzmán, in September 1992, outrage at the murder of Moyano is seen as a major step in the drop in support for the group.[2]: 30 [7] President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski posthumously gave the Peruvian Order of Merit for Distinguished Service to Moyano. It was accepted by her mother in 2017.[9]

The film Coraje (Courage) was released in 1998. It told a fictionalised version of Moyano's life.[10] Amnesty International released a report on human rights in Peru in 1997 which was dedicated to the memory of Moyano.[4] The Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign set up the María Elena Moyano Fellowship Fund in 2017, in order to fund Spanish-speaking graduate students from Latin America.[11]

Her sister Martha Moyano also become a congresswoman.[12]

References
  1. Falcón, Sylvanna M. (2016). "Moyano Delgado, María Elena". The Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro-Latin American Biography. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.74627. ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  2. Tupac, Diana Miloslavich (2000). Autobiography of Maria Elena Moyano: The Life and Death of a Peruvian Activist. University of Florida. ISBN 978-0813027463.
  3. "Maria Elena Moyano". Gariwo. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  4. "Peru: Women's Human Rights. In memory of María Elena Moyano" (PDF). Amnesty International. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  5. Prashad, Vijay (2014). The Poorer Nations: A Possible History of the Global South. Verso Books. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-78168-158-9.
  6. Brooke, James (12 August 1990). "Peru's Poor Feel Hardship of 'Fuji Shock' Austerity". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  7. Avant, Deborah; Chenoweth, Erica (2019). Civil Action and the Dynamics of Violence. Oxford University Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-19-005689-6.
  8. Wood, Tony (4 July 2019). "Even Hotter, Even Louder". London Review of Books. 41 (13). ISSN 0260-9592.
  9. "Peru: Gov't awards posthumous Order of Merit to Maria Elena Moyano". Andina (in Spanish). FHG/MVB. 15 February 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  10. Barrow, Sarah (2007). "Coraje (Alberto Durant 1998): Creating an icon". Peruvian cinema, national identity and political violence 1988-2004 (PhD) (phd). University of Sheffield.
  11. "Maria Elena Moyano Fellowship Fund". CLACS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  12. "Martha Moyano aclaró el distanciamiento ideológico de su hermana María Elena con Sendero Luminoso". Diario Expreso. 21 April 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.

Further reading
  • Burt, Jo-Marie. "Los usos y abusos de la memoria de Maria Elena Moyano". A Contracorriente: Una revista de historia y de América Latina, Vol. 7, No. 2 (2020), 165–209.
  • Burt, Jo-Marie. "Accounting for Murder: The Contested Narratives of the Life and Death of Maria Elena Moyano," in Accounting for Violence edited by Ksenija Bilbija and Leigh Payne. Chapel Hill: Duke University Press, 2011, 69–97.
  • Courage (1999 film).
  • Gorriti, Gustavo. The Shining Path. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1999. Print.
  • Heilman, Jaymie Patricia. Before the Shining Path: Politics in Rural Ayacucho, 1895–1980. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 2010.
  • Shaw, Lisa and Stephanie Dennison. Pop Culture Latin America: Media, Arts and Lifestyle. ABC-CLIO, 2005.
  • Starn, Orin and La Serna, Miguel The Shining Path – Love, Madness, and Revolution in the Andes. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2019.
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