Italian Navy

The Regia Marina was formed on 17 March 1861, after the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy.[5] The Italian Navy assumed its present name after the Italian monarchy was abolished following a popular referendum held on 2 June 1946.

At the end of its five years involvement in World War II, Italy was a devastated nation. After the end of hostilities, the Regia Marina – which at the beginning of the war was the fourth largest navy in the world, with a mix of modernised and new battleships – started a long and complex rebuilding process. The important combat contributions of the Italian naval forces after the signing of the armistice with the Allies on 8 September 1943, and the subsequent cooperation agreement on 23 September 1943, left the Regia Marina in a poor condition, with much of its infrastructure and bases unusable and its ports mined and blocked by sunken ships. However, a large number of its naval units had survived the war, albeit in a low efficiency state, which was due to the conflict and the age of many vessels. The vessels that remained were:

• 5 battleships
• 10 cruisers
• 10 destroyers
• 20 frigates
• 20 corvettes
• 50 fast coastal patrol units
• 50 minesweepers
• 19 amphibious operations vessels
• 5 school ships
• 1 support ship and plane transport

The peace treaty signed on 10 February 1947 in Paris was onerous for Regia Marina. Apart from territorial and material losses, also the following restrictions were imposed:

• A ban on owning, building or experimenting with atomic weapons, self-propulsion projectiles or relative launchers, etc.
• A ban on owning battleships, aircraft carriers, submarines and amphibious assault units.
• A ban on operating military installations on the islands of Pantelleria, Pianosa and on the archipelago of the Pelagie Islands.

Aircraft carrier Aquila just before being scrapped in La Spezia, 1951

The treaty also ordered Italy to put the following ships at the disposals of the victorious nations United States, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, Greece, Yugoslavia and Albania as war compensation:

• 3 battleships: Giulio Cesare, Italia, Vittorio Veneto;
• 5 cruisers: Emanuele Filiberto Duca d'Aosta, Attilio Regolo, Scipione Africano, Eugenio di Savoia and Eritrea;
• 7 destroyers, 5 of the Soldati class and Augusto Riboty and Alfredo Oriani;
• 6 minesweepers: like Aliseo and Fortunale;
• 8 submarines: 3 of the Acciaio class;
• 1 sailing school ship: Cristoforo Colombo.

Great changes in the international political situation, which were developing into the Cold War, convinced the United Kingdom and United States to discontinue the transfer of Italy's capital ships as war reparations. Some had already been dismantled in La Spezia between 1948 and 1955, including the aircraft carrier Aquila. However, the Soviet Union demanded the surrender of the battleship Giulio Cesare and other naval units designated for transfer. The cruisers Attilio Regolo and Scipione Africano became the French Chateaurenault and Guichen, while Eugenio di Savoia became the Greek Elli. After break up and/or transfers, only a small part of the fleet remained to be recommissioned into the Marina. As Western attention turned to the Soviets and the Mediterranean Sea, Italian seas became one of the main sites of confrontation between the two superpowers, contributing to the re-emergence of Italy's naval importance thanks to her strategic geographical position.

The carrier Cavour in the Gulf of Oman, 2013

With the new elections in 1946, the Kingdom of Italy became a republic, and the Regia Marina took the name of Marina Militare (lit. 'Military Navy'). As the Marshall Plan began to rebuild Italy and Europe was rapidly being divided into two geopolitically antagonistic blocs, Italy began talks with the United States to guarantee adequate security considerations. The US government in Washington wished to keep its own installations on the Italian Peninsula and relaxed the Treaty restrictions by including Italy in the Mutual Defense Assistance Programme (MDAP). On 4 April 1949, Italy joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and, in order for the navy to contribute actively in the organization, the Treaty restrictions were definitively repealed by the end of 1951, with the consent of all of Western nations.

Within NATO, the Italian Navy was assigned combat control of the Adriatic Sea and Strait of Otranto, as well as the defence of the naval routes through the Tyrrhenian Sea. To ensure these tasks a Studio sul potenziamento della Marina italiana in relazione al Patto Atlantico (Study on the development of the Italian Navy with reference to the Atlantic Pact) was undertaken, which researched the structures and the methods for the development of the navy.

In 2012 the Navy began a restructuring process that will see a 21% decrease in personnel by 2025. A new structure was implemented in January 2014.[6]

The Corps of the Port Captaincies – Coast Guard (Corpo delle Capitanerie di porto – Guardia costiera) is the coast guard of Italy and is part of the Italian Navy under the control of the Ministry of Infrastructures and Transports, the Ministry of the Environment, the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies, as well as the Ministry of Defence. In Italy, it is commonly known as simply the Guardia costiera or Capitaneria di Porto. The Coast Guard has approximately 11,000 staff. [14]

The Italian Navy is divided into six corps (by precedence):

• Corpo di stato maggiore – Staff Officers Corps (SM): line officers
• Corpo del genio della Marina – Naval Engineers Corps (GM)
  • Specialità genio navale – Marine engineering branch (GM/GN): engineer officers
  • Specialità armi navali – Naval ordnance branch (GM/AN): weapon engineer officers
  • Specialità genio infrastrutture – Infrastructure engineering (GM/INFR): civil engineer officers
• Corpo sanitario militare marittimo – Maritime Military Medical Corps: (MD) for medics, (FM) for pharmacists
• Corpo di commissariato militare marittimo – Military Maritime Supply Corps (CM): administration, paymaster, legal executive, supply, logistics officer
• Corpo delle capitanerie di porto – Port Captaincies Corps (CP): the coast guard
• Corpo degli equipaggi militari marittimi – Military Maritime Crews Corps (CEMM)

Command of the Italian Fleet (ships, submarines and amphibious forces) and Naval aviation[15] falls under the Commander in Chief Naval Fleet.

Today's Italian Navy is a modern navy with ships of every type. The fleet is in continuous evolution, and as of today oceangoing fleet units include: 2 light aircraft carriers, 3 amphibious assault ships, 4 destroyers, 11 frigates and 8 attack submarines. Patrol and littoral warfare units include: 10 offshore patrol vessels, 10 mine countermeasure vessels, 4 coastal patrol boats, and a varied fleet of auxiliary ships are also in service.[16]

The flagship of the fleet is the carrier Cavour.

The Italian Navy operates a diverse fleet of aircraft including fixed-wing, rotary and UAVs.

• 
  AV-8B Harrier II
• 
  EH-101-410 Merlin
• 
  SH-90A
• 
  Camcopter S-100

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

NATO code	OF-10		OF-9		OF-8		OF-7		OF-6		OF-5		OF-4		OF-3		OF-2		OF-1						OF(D)						Student officer
Italian Navy[29][30][31]
			Ammiraglio	Ammiraglio di squadra con incarichi speciali	Ammiraglio di squadra		Ammiraglio di divisione		Contrammiraglio		Capitano di vascello		Capitano di fregata		Capitano di corvetta		Tenente di vascello		Sottotenente di vascello			Guardiamarina			Aspirante guardiamarina

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

NATO code	OR-9						OR-8		OR-7		OR-6						OR-5						OR-4				OR-3		OR-2						OR-1
Italian Navy[32][33]																							Sottocapo di Prima Classe Scelto q.s. Sottocapo di Prima Classe Scelto Sottocapo di Prima Classe Sottocapo di seconda Classe Sottocapo di terza Classe												No insignia
	Primo luogotenente q.s.[lower-alpha 1]	Luogotenente	Primo maresciallo		Capo di prima classe		Capo di seconda classe	Capo di terza classe	Secondo capo scelto q.s.	Secondo capo scelto	Secondo capo						Sergente										Sottocapo		Comune di prima classe						Comune di seconda classe