Maritime Court of Ontario

The Maritime Court of Ontario was an admiralty court in Ontario. It was created in 1877 by a federal statute. The Exchequer Court of Canada succeeded the Maritime Court by a statute passed in 1891. The Exchequer Court continued in 1971 as the Federal Court of Canada.

History

Beginning in the 1860s, Canadian commentators began to see the need for an admiralty court with jurisdiction over commerce on the Great Lakes.[1] Vice-admiralty courts had existed for many years in the Maritimes and Quebec. The Vice-Admiralty Court of Quebec was established in 1764. When Quebec was divided into Upper and Lower Canada, the court's jurisdiction was limited to Lower Canada.[2] Early legislative proposals would have conferred admiralty jurisdiction on the Supreme Court of Canada but the court, created by statute in 1875, was not given such jurisdiction.[3]

In 1877, the parliament of Canada established the Maritime Court of Ontario by the Maritime Jurisdiction Act, 1877.[2][4] The statute came into force on July 7, 1877.[5]

In 1891, the Exchequer Court of Canada became Canada's admiralty court pursuant to the Admiralty Act, 1891, SC 1891 (54–55 Vict), c 29.[6][7] The Maritime Court of Ontario was accordingly abolished; its territory became known as the "Toronto Admiralty District" of the new court.[8] The Exchequer Court was continued and reorganized in 1971 as the Federal Court of Canada.[6]

American counterparts

The constitution of the United States vests judicial power over all admiralty and maritime cases in federal courts. Beginning in 1845,[9] United States district courts had exercised maritime jurisdiction by proceedings in rem, both when a right to process in rem was given by general admiralty law, as interpreted by American courts; and when the right arose under state legislation.[10]

Jurisdiction

The Maritime Court of Ontario had all jurisdiction exercised by then-existing British vice-admiralty courts in similar matters. It could hear both contract and tort claims. Its jurisdiction extended to proceedings in rem and in personam related to navigation, shipping, trade, or commerce on any river, lake, canal, or inland water located in whole or in part in Ontario.[11]

Practice and procedure

When the Maritime Court of Ontario was established, common law and equity had not yet been fused in Ontario. The rules of practice in the Maritime Court were modelled on the general orders of the Court of Chancery of Upper Canada.[12]

The judges of the Maritime Court were the county judges of the county of York sitting in Toronto.[13]

Appeals lay directly from the Maritime Court of Ontario to the Supreme Court of Canada.[13]

Notes
  1. Stone 2002, pp. 514, 517.
  2. Cox 1888, p. 1.
  3. Bushnell 1997, p. 73.
  4. Maritime Jurisdiction Act, 1877, 40 Vict, c 21
  5. Stone 2002, p. 519.
  6. Stone 2002, p. 513.
  7. Admiralty Act, 1891, SC 1891 (54–55 Vict), c 29
  8. Bushnell 1997, p. 76.
  9. Stone 2002, p. 514.
  10. Cox 1888, p. 2.
  11. O'Sullivan 1879, pp. 194–195.
  12. Cox 1888, p. 8.
  13. O'Sullivan 1879, p. 195.

Sources
  • Bushnell, Ian (1997). The Federal Court of Canada: A History, 1875–1992. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-8126-2. OCLC 666910898.
  • Cox, R. Gregory (January 1888). "The Maritime Court of Ontario". The Canadian Law Times. 8: 1–13. ISSN 0381-1271. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  • O'Sullivan, D. A (1879). A Manual of Government in Canada. Toronto: J.C. Stuart & Co. pp. 194–195. ISBN 978-0-665-11556-1. OCLC 1048183806. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  • Stone, Arthur J. (2002). "Canada's Admiralty Court in the Twentieth Century". McGill Law Journal. 47 (3): 511–558. 2002 CanLIIDocs 40.
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