Naval militia

The Michigan Naval Militia standing at attention (at present arms).

In the 1880s, a United States Navy proposal to organize a national Naval Reserve Force was submitted to the United States Congress, but the proposal was defeated.[5] However, the movement to create a naval reserve force became popular at the state and local level. Following the passage of enabling legislation in several states, several of these states began establishing naval reserve forces. The first naval militia which was first organized and drilling was the Massachusetts Battalion, which first met on 28 February 1890.[6] The New York Naval Militia was organized as a Provisional Naval Battalion in 1889, and formally became the second state naval militia when it was officially mustered into state service as the First Battalion, Naval Reserve Artillery, on 23 June 1891.[5] Over the next few years, several other states, mainly in the eastern United States and in the Great Lakes region, created their own naval militias.[6]

The United States Navy began loaning older veteran ships from the American Civil War, such as USS Minnesota and USS Wabash, to state naval militias for use as armories and headquarters. On 2 March 1891, the United States Congress passed an appropriations bill which gave the Secretary of the Navy $25,000 per year to spend on the state naval militias; this money was divided among the states based on the strength levels of the naval militias.[6]

The naval militias were called into service during the Spanish–American War. Since no law existed to call them into federal service as a unit, governors were asked to release volunteers from their state service, and these naval militiamen were inducted into the Navy for the duration of their service during the war.[6] New York Naval Militiamen manned two auxiliary cruisers that fought in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, and conducted patrols of New York Harbor.[5] Members of the North Carolina Naval Militia crewed USS Nantucket and guarded the city of Port Royal, South Carolina.[7] South Carolina Naval Militia sailors also assisted in the defense of Port Royal, and served aboard multiple ships, including USS Celtic, USS Chickasaw, USS Cheyenne, and USS Waban.[8] Members of the Connecticut Naval Militia served aboard USS Minnesota.[9] Sailors from both the Rhode Island Naval Militia[10] and the Florida Naval Militia[11] were also assimilated into the ranks of the Navy.

New York Naval Militia members respond to Hurricane Sandy.

Naval militias within the United States reached their peak at the eve of World War I, when they existed across 26 states and territories.[12] In 1914, Congress passed a bill recognizing the naval militia as a reserve component of the United States Armed Forces and reorganized them into the National Naval Volunteers.[13] During World War I, naval militiamen were drafted into federal service. Many naval reservists, including a significant number of sailors from the Michigan Naval Militia, served in Naval Railway Battery crews on the Western Front.[14] The primary federal responsibility of members of the naval militias was cemented by the Naval Reserve Act of 1938.[15] In 1940, the naval militias were once again federalized to fight in World War II.[16] Following the war, many states either did not rebuild their naval militias, or deactivated them in the years that followed. By the mid-1960s, at the height of the Cold War, only the New York Naval Militia was still active.[17]

However, several naval militias were activated or reactivated in the late 20th century and early 21st century. In 1977, the Ohio Naval Militia was reactivated.[18] In 1984, the Alaska Naval Militia was activated.[19] From 1999 to 2002, the New Jersey Naval Militia was reactivated after 36 years of existing only on paper.[20] In 2003, the South Carolina General Assembly reactivated the South Carolina Naval Militia.[21] The New York Naval Militia is the only naval militia which has been continuously active since its creation, thereby making it the oldest naval militia.[5]

Naval militias have been deployed multiple times in recent years to assist in national security or disaster recovery operations. In 1989, the Alaska Naval Militia was deployed to assist in recovery operations after the Exxon Valdez oil spill.[22] On September 11, 2001, the New Jersey Naval Militia and New York Naval Militia were deployed in the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks to aid in emergency response efforts.[22] The New York Naval Militia provided assistance after Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee in 2011; after Hurricane Sandy in 2012; and during the Buffalo lake effect snowstorm in 2014.[23] In March 2020, the Alaska Naval Militia and the New York Naval Militia were activated to assist their respective states' efforts in combating the COVID-19 pandemic.[24][25]

The Center for Naval Analysis concluded in a 2007 paper that "Naval militias were undergoing something of a revival after years of neglect."[26]

• 
  Naval militiamen boarding USS Alabama circa 1910.
• 
  Members of the naval militia respond to a roll-call in 1913.
• 
  Naval militiamen in the early twentieth century.
• 
  Exercises at a Naval Militia Camp in Somersville, New York.
• 
  A naval militia bugler in 1917, deploying during World War I.
• 
  Naval Militia guarding a bridge during World War I.
• 
  New York Naval Militia Major General Robert Wolf (right), is congratulated by Major General Joseph Taluto (left).
• 
  Members of the New York National Guard take the helm of a New York State Naval Militia patrol boat.
• 
  A New York Naval Militia officer works alongside a United States Border Patrol agent.
• 
  Members of the New York National Guard join members of the New York State Naval Militia, the Port Authority Police Department and the Coast Guard Reserve.
• 
  Boatswain Mate 2 Robert Quinones of the New York State Naval Militia prepares for a joint random anti-terrorism measures program patrol.
• 
  The New York State Naval Militia's Patrol Boat 400 is docked on the Hudson River prior to a random anti-terrorism measures program patrol.

• United States Coast Guard Auxiliary
• Civil Air Patrol
• State Defense Forces
• United States Naval Sea Cadet Corps
• United States Power Squadrons

Overseas counterparts:

• Bolivarian Militia of Venezuela (People's Navy Branch)
• Chinese Maritime Militia
• Estonian Defence League