Marriage Charter of Empress Theophanu

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire (in modern times also called the Byzantine Empire) was the sole successor of the Roman Empire. Charlemagne's imperial coronation in 800 put strain on Western relations with the Byzantine Empire ruled from Constantinople.[2] When Otto I became emperor in February 962, there was contention between him and the Byzantine Empire, and this issue revived in 967 between Otto and Nikephoros II Phokas over the dominion of Italy. On 25 December 967, Pope John XIII anointed Otto II as Otto I's co-emperor.[3]

In autumn 968, battles between the Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire commenced in the Principality of Capua, in the Duchy of Benevento and Apulia, and hostilities continued until 970. Both sides of the conflict made many attempts to find a diplomatic solution. Otto I intended to receive recognition of his title in Byzantium, and to clarify the borders of Western and Eastern allegiances in southern Italy.[4][5] He wanted this agreement to be ratified by the marriage of his son, Otto II, to a member of the Byzantine imperial family. Anna, daughter of the deceased Emperor Romanos II, was considered a possible bride. However, Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas was unwilling to marry off a purple-born princess (i.e. a child born to a reigning emperor).[5] After tough negotiations with Nikephoros II Phokas' successor John I Tzimiskes, Archbishop of Cologne Gero secured the marriage of Otto II with Theophanu,[4] a member of the Byzantine imperial family who was not, however, born to the purple.[5]

The Marriage Charter acts as the reference document for the wedding of the 17-year-old Otto II and the 12-year-old Theophanu. The wedding took place on 14 April 972 in St. Peter's Basilica and was officiated by Pope John XIII.[5] Politically, the marriage marked the recognition of the Ottonian Empire by the Byzantine Empire. In this document, Otto II granted Theophanu the right to an extensive dower for personal use throughout her life (legitima dos),[6] as well as her entry into a consortium imperii with Otto II, meaning that both would share imperial authority over the Holy Roman Empire.[6][7]

It is likely that Theophanu kept the document until October 989, when she left for her journey to Italy and Rome, at which time it is believed she placed it in Gandersheim Abbey to preserve the document.[8] It was discovered and published in 1700 by writer and historian Johann Georg Leuckfeld.[9] Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was among the first to recognise the historical significance of this document, and reports on it in History of Welf.[10] After the secularisation of Gandersheim Abbey in 1811, the document was transferred to the Göttingen State and University Library.[11] On 4 May 1820, the archives from the abbey were delivered to the treasury of the duchy of Brunswick. In 1835, the document was transferred to the State Archives of Wolfenbüttel, where it remains.[11]

This document outlines the revenue and profits that Theophanu would receive from this marriage, and it begins with a speech similar to sermons held at weddings.[6] The document describes what Theophanu will receive from Otto II: rights to the revenues from Istria, Pescara; Walcheren, Wichelen, Nivelles Abbey with 14000 belonging farms; and farms in Boppard, Tiel, Herford, Kyffhaeuser, and Nordhausen.[12][13]

The document is a 144.5 by 39.5 cm (56.9 by 15.6 in) scroll consisting of three pieces of parchment glued together and rolled,[14] and is believed to have been created in the Fulda monastery.[15][16] A scientific study of the purple parchment took place in Munich in 1966, which showed that minium (red lead) and madder were used for staining the document, indicating that it was created in the Holy Roman Empire, rather than in the Byzantine Empire,[15][17] where the Murex shell for making Tyrian purple was tightly controlled. This document is one of the oldest surviving examples of madder being used in the Middle Ages.[17][18] The purple background was made from Byzantine silk woven with fourteen circular medallions and two half medallions. The medallions contain representations of animals fighting, inspired by Near Eastern art.[19]

The writing field is surrounded by a narrow gold trim decorated with blue and white acanthus leaves.[15] The top edge is decorated with animals and vegetation, along with medallions containing half-figures, such as Jesus flanked by Mary and John the Baptist with four Evangelists. Between the medallions at the top are six pairs of animals.[15][20] It was the first marriage document to be illuminated.[21]

The text is written in gold in Carolingian minuscule calligraphy, and the gold ink was obtained from an alloy of silver and gold leaf.[22] A few lines or words stand out as they are written in rustic capitals.[23][24] Over time, the parchment has slightly warped, and there is a fold in the middle of the document. It is presented in a permanent exhibition of the State Archives of Lower Saxony in a dimly lit room.[15][25]

Imperial purple was a colour reserved for emperors, kings and bishops, and purple parchment was rarely used for writing.[26] This document is regarded as one of the most luxurious and beautiful examples of the use of purple parchment.[27]

The authenticity of this document remains a matter of debate.[16] Hans K. Schulze and Hans Goetting believe that the document was presented by Otto II at their wedding feast, and then given to Theophanu.[28] Walter Deeters (1972) says that the separations in the text act as reading aids, showing that the document was intended to be read.[29] Diplomats Theodor von Sickel and Carlrichard Brühl believe that the document is not the original as it lacks a seal and the lines are unusually shaped.[30]

• Cultural depictions of Theophanu

• Althoff, Gerd (2005). The Ottonians: Kingdom without a state (in German) (2 ed.). Stuttgart. ISBN 978-3-17-018597-5. OCLC 76666772.
• Wolf, Gunther G; Fussbroich, Helmut (1991). Empress Theophano: Princess of a foreign land: the Western Empire's Great Empress (in German). Böhlau. ISBN 978-3-412-05491-5. OCLC 26552427.
• Schulze, Hans K (2007). The Marriage of Empress Theophanu: The Greek and Roman Empress of the German Empire 972–991 (in German). Hahn. ISBN 978-3-7752-6124-1. OCLC 229846358.
• Ennen, Edith (1999). Women in the Middle Ages. Beck's historische Bibliothek (in German). Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-37799-0. OCLC 174660536.
• Ostrogorski, Georgije (1996). Histoire de l'Etat byzantin (in French). Payot. ISBN 9782228890410. OCLC 35865083.
• McKitterick, Rosamond; Quinault, Roland E (1997). Edward Gibbon and empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-59949-1. OCLC 726826511.
• Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1711). Scriptores rerum Brunsvicensium illustrationi inservientes, antiqui omnes et religionis reformatione priores: opus in quo nonnulla chronica hujus vicinarumque regionum præsertim Ostfaliae, res etiam Atestinorum Longobardiae et Guelforum Superioris Germaniae, vitae item hominum illustrium, aut principum … continentur, cura G.G. Leibnitii (in Latin). Hanoverae. OCLC 561588698.
• Goetting, Hans (1973). The Diocese of Hildesheim: This richly immediate Kanonissenstift Gandersheim (in German). Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-004219-1. ISSN 0435-5857.
• Brandt, Michael; Eggebrecht, Arne (1993). "The marriage of Empress Theophanu (Hartmut Hoffmann)". Bernward von Hildesheim und das Zeitalter der Ottonen [Bernward of Hildesheim and the era of the Ottonians: Catalogue of the exhibition] (in German). Philipp von Zabern. ISBN 978-3-87065-736-9. OCLC 29299096.
• "The Marriage of Empress Theophanu", Register of the Memory of the World, UNESCO, 2005, p. 36
• Köcher, Dieter (2006). Influence of raw material and production of natural madder paints on color and light fastness (in German). Dresden. OCLC 553482553.
• Goetting, Hans; Kühn, Hermann (1968). Marriage of Empress Theophanu (DOII 21), study and conservation (in German). Böhlau. OCLC 174185164.
• Deeters, Walter; Matthes, Dieter (1972). The Marriage of Empress Theophanu, 14 April 942, Exhibition of the Lower Saxony State Archives in Wolfenbüttel (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. OCLC 64797234.
• Zajic, Andreas; Roland, Martin (2005). "Eine spätmittelalterliche Urkundenfälschung aus dem Augustiner-Chorherrenstift Dürnstein in Niederösterreich" [The late medieval forgery of the Augustinian Canons of Dürnstein in Lower Austria: at the same time contributing to the illuminated documents of the Middle Ages] (PDF). Archiv für Diplomatik (in German). Schriftgeschichte (51): 331–432. ISSN 0066-6297. OCLC 883159309.
• von Euw, Anton; Schreiner, Peter; Sporbeck, Gudrun (1991). Empress Theophanu: meeting of East and West at the turn of the first millennium (in German). Vol. 2. Köln Museum. ISBN 978-0-521-52467-4. OCLC 25007555.
• Sickel, Theodor (1883). Das Privilegium Otto I. Für die römische Kirche vom Jahre 962 [The privilege of Otto I. for the Roman Catholic Church from the year 962] (in German). Wagner.
• Lacroix, Paul (1849). Le moyen age et la renaissance, histoire et description des moeurs et usages, du commerce et de l'industrie, des sciences, des arts, des littératures et des beaux-arts en Europe [The Middle Ages and the Renaissance: History and Description of Manners and Customs, Trade and Industry, Science, the Arts, Literature, and the Fine Arts in Europe] (in French). Vol. 2. Paris Administration. OCLC 832213191.