Martha Schofield

Martha Schofield (February 1, 1839 – February 1, 1916) was a Hicksite Quaker abolitionist and suffragist who founded a school in Aiken, South Carolina, for freed African Americans.

Martha Schofield
A white woman, hair dressed to the crown, wearing a high-collared dark dress with elaborate lace trim on the bodice, and puffed sleeves
Martha Schofield, from an 1895 publication
Born
Martha Fell Schofield

February 1, 1839
Newtown Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, U.S.
DiedFebruary 1, 1916(1916-02-01) (aged 77)
Aiken, South Carolina
OccupationTeacher

Biography
Schofield Normal School in Aiken, South Carolina

Martha Fell Schofield was born February 1, 1839, near Newtown Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, to Oliver W. Schofield and Mary (Jackson) Schofield. The family included four sisters and one brother. Her parents were Quaker and reformers. They worked for abolition, temperance, women's rights, and education. After the death of her father, the Schofields moved to Darby PA, where her parents were married (Darby Meeting Records 1834) and her mother had grown up. (Martha Schofield's diaries 1858, Friends Historical Library; Swarthmore, PA).

Schofield received her education initially through the local school in Newtown. Later, she attended a school in Byberry, Philadelphia before going to the Sharon Female Seminary in Darby, now Sharon Hill, Pennsylvania. Her uncle and aunt, John and Rachel Tyson Jackson operated this seminary.[1][2][3][4][5]

When she was finished at school Schofield became a teacher, beginning in Bayside, Long Island. Her mother's sister Eliza Bell lived there. Schofield also worked in Harrison, Westchester County. During the Civil War, Schofield worked in the Summit House military hospital though forbidden to nurse and so she ended up fundraising. Afterwards she moved to Wadmalaw Island, Edisto, St Helena and Johns Island, off South Carolina where there was a group of newly freed people in 1865. Her health suffered so she moved full time to Aiken, South Carolina. Schofield then founded a school in 1868. It went on to be known as the Schofield Normal and Industrial School. Funding for the school cam from both the Pennsylvania Friends Relief Association and from the state. When the school reached 200 students in 1882 it was incorporated. Additional funding came from the Hicksite Quakers. The school continued to grow doubling by the next year. Schofield spent considerable time every year fundraising. Within two years the school included a boarding facility and offered student aid. A new hall was funded by a donation in memory of Deborah F. Wharton by her sons. By 1910 the school had grown to include two town blocks as well as a 280-acre farm. Funding predominately came from annual subscriptions.[1][2][6][3][4][7][5]

Schofield was a reformer in education but also a feminist and suffragist. She died on February 1, 1916, in Aiken. She was buried in Darby, Pennsylvania, at the Darby Friends Burial Ground. Her school became the Martha Schofield High School in 1952. This was the high school for Black students under segregation. White students attended Aiken High School. The Aiken Public School District chose to phase-in desegregation rather than follow Brown vs. Board of Education in 1964. In the 1970-1971 school year, Martha Schofield High School desegregated and became the Schofield Campus of Aiken High School with 9th and 10th grade classes. 11th and 12th grade classes with black and white students attended Aiken High School. The Schofield Campus later became Schofield Middle School in the early-1980's. The Martha Schofield Scholarship was first awarded to deserving African-American students in 1954.[1][2][3][4][8][5]

Sources
  1. Butchart, Ronald E. (2000). Schofield, Martha (1839-1916), educator and school founder. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0900912. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7.
  2. Smedley, Katherine (1984). "Martha Schofield and the Rights of Women". The South Carolina Historical Magazine. 85 (3): 195–210. ISSN 0038-3082. JSTOR 27567856.
  3. James, Edward T.; Boyer, Paul S.; College, Radcliffe (1971). Notable American Women, 1607-1950: A Biographical Dictionary. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-62734-5.
  4. Burns, Bonnie (1999). "Schofield, Martha (1839–1916)". In Commire, Anne; Klezmer, Deborah (eds.). Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. Yorkin Publications. pp. 892–893. ISBN 978-0-7876-4073-6.
  5. Ohles, Frederik; Ohles, Shirley G.; Ohles, Shirley M.; Ramsay, John G. (1997). Biographical Dictionary of Modern American Educators. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-29133-3.
  6. "Martha Schofield Papers, 1865-1869". finding-aids.lib.unc.edu.
  7. "How One Abolitionist Educated Freed Slaves". Main Line Today. February 4, 2016.
  8. "Bucks County Quaker, Martha Schofield, and Her Legacy of Scholarship · Philadelphia Yearly Meeting". www.pym.org.
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