Mary Belle Allen

Allen earned her bachelor's degree with honors in 1941 from the college of chemistry at the University of California in Berkeley, California.[1][10][11] She was 19.[4]

Allen was accepted as a Ph.D. student of the University of California by Sam Ruben in Berkeley.[12][13][14] Allen is listed as an assistant at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory at the University of California in Berkeley for 1941-42[1][15] and as a chemist for the Manhattan District for 1942-44.[1] While working with Ruben, she used radioactive tracers to study photosynthesis and chlorophyll.[4][16]

Following Sam Ruben's death in 1943, Allen transferred to Columbia University.[12] Allen received a DuPont fellowship for 1945-1946[1] and completed her Ph.D. in physical chemistry at Columbia University in 1946,[1][12] with a thesis on Phosphorus in Starch.[17]

For 1946-1947, Allen received a National Research Council fellowship in chemistry at Washington University in St. Louis.[1][18][19][20][12] She also spent a year at the Marine Biological Laboratory at the University of Chicago as a visiting fellow with James Franck and Hans Gaffron, possibly around 1951.[21]

In 1947, she became a research associate at Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York.[18][1][12] The first part of this appointment occurred at Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, California.[18] where "Dr. Mary Belle Allen" was listed as a "visiting Investigator" from Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York.[22] Initial funding for the project came from biochemist Harry Sobotka at Mt. Sinai Hospital, who had received a grant from the U.S. Public Health Service.[23] She was able to continue the work through Stanford with funding from the Office of Naval Research.[23]

At Hopkins Marine Station Allen worked with C. B. van Niel on the physiology and biochemistry of thermophiles, bacteria that can survive at high temperatures.[22][23] In 1952, she reported that she had isolated an "unidentified unicellular alga" from the acid waters of "Lemonade Spring", The Geysers, Sonoma County, California. Later work suggested that it was similar to forms of Cyanidium caldarium independently discovered by Hiroyuki Hirose (1950), Felix Eugen Fritsch (1945),[24] and Kenichiro Negoro (1935).[25] Allen was also able to study blue-green algae, publishing a "fundamental paper" on their cultivation in 1952.[4][26][27]

In the mid 1950s, Allen worked at the University of California, Berkeley with Daniel I. Arnon and F. Robert Whatley in breakthrough research on the role of chloroplasts in photosynthesis processes.[28] Arnon et al. were the first to publish a demonstration of the synthesis of ATP in light by chloroplasts in 1954, followed by a more detailed paper by Allen et al. in 1955.[29][30][31][32][33]

In 53 I came into a lab. where, in fact, three different people – Arnon, myself and Mary Belle Allen – had suddenly decided, from different points of view, that chloroplasts must be able to make ATP. ... So we actually set out to discover this.

— F. Robert Whatley [34]^: 45/1

A visiting student describes the type of procedure that was followed:[34]

Arnon had, you know, the white towels laid out all over the bench. Marybelle had the mortar and pestle and the acid-cleaned sand, and Andy and I were down there with the stuff ready to go. And Marybelle and Bob, the four of us, lined up when Arnon, in a pristine white coat and so forth, marched in with a tray full of spinach that had been kept in the cold room to be nice and crisp. And the procedure started. It was ceremonial, absolutely incredible. Marybelle and Bob dumped the leaves in the mortar and pestle, someone dumped the sand in, Arnon grabbed the pestle and ground the [spinach], they went to the right centrifuge with the right speed with the right head on it, spun down the cell debris, they got beautiful dark green colours -- pure chloroplasts.

— R. Clinton Fuller[34]^{: 32/9–10}

Allen investigated nitrogen fixing of blue green algae and other microorganisms in both freshwater and oceans. She studied the growth of algae alongside rice as a way of enhancing the fertility of rice.[35] As of 1956, she reported on the photosynthetic products of Chlamydomonas.[36] In January 1957 she was listed by the Phycological Society of America as studying plankton as an assistant research biochemist and lecturer in physiology in the Department of Soils and Plant Nutrition, University of California, Berkeley.[37]

In 1967 Allen was nominated jointly for a Nobel Prize with D.I.Arnon and Frederick Whatley. The nomination was put forward by J.H.Northrop but was not successful.[6]

In 1958, the Kaiser Foundation Research Institute (Kaiser Permanente) formally established a Laboratory of Comparative Physiology and Morphology in Richmond, California, for fundamental research in comparative biology. Ellsworth C. Dougherty was named the director, and Mary Belle Allen was named the associate director.[38][39] Using spectrophotometry and other techniques, she continued to examine chlorophyll absorption[40] and to study algal phylogenesis.[4]

In 1960 she edited the published proceedings of the First Annual Symposium on Comparative Biology of the Kaiser Permanente Research Institute in Richmond.[41][4] Allen received funding from a number of sources including the National Institute of Health in Bethesda, Maryland.[4] In 1962 she received the Darbaker Prize from the Botanical Society of America "for outstanding contributions to phycology".[3][42]

In 1966 Allen was recruited as professor of microbiology at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks, Alaska. There she worked with the Institute of Marine Science[43] She studied high-latitude phytoplankton[44] and chrysophyceae.[4][45] To better understand populations of aquatic microorganisms in lakes in interior Alaska, she studied bacteria in soil, which can wash into lakes. This research led to an unexpected result. She found that in many soil samples there were very few bacterial cells; some were comparable to sterilized soil.[46]

She did more than use the algae as models and tools for unravelling the intricacies of photosynthesis; in her studies and reviews, she skillfully bridged the biochemistry with the physiology and ecology of organisms, trying to integrate in a productive way laboratory and field studies.[4]