Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond

Mary Ellen Elizabeth Turpel-Lafond OC (born February 1963) is a Canadian lawyer, former judge, and legislative advocate for children's rights.

Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond
BornFebruary 1963[1]
Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada or Norway House Cree Nation, Canada (disputed)
Alma materCarleton University
Occupation(s)Activist, lawyer, former judge, former academic

She was appointed in 2006 as British Columbia's first Representative for Children and Youth, an independent position reporting to the Legislative Assembly. She was re-appointed to a second five-year term in 2011. Turpel-Lafond has stated she was the first Treaty Indian to be appointed to the Provincial Court of Saskatchewan as she said her father was Cree. This claim to be a Treaty Indian has been disputed, however.[2] Time Magazine has twice bestowed honours upon Turpel-Lafond, naming her as one of the "100 Global Leaders of Tomorrow" in 1994, and in 1999 as one of the "Top 20 Canadian Leaders for the 21st Century". She has been invested into the Order of Canada, and was until 2022 celebrated as among the most accomplished First Nations scholars in the history of Canada.[1]

After an October 2022 CBC News investigation found major discrepancies in biographical statements made by Turpel-Lafond about Indigenous ancestry, educational credentials, and legal accomplishments, her career came under heightened public scrutiny.[2]

Early life and education

Place of birth

Turpel-Lafond's place of birth is disputed.

According to several interviews given by Turpel-Lafond between 2007 and 2019, as well as testimony she provided to the Senate of Canada, she was born and raised on the First Nation reserve of the Norway House Cree Nation, in Manitoba.[1]

According to CBC News, Turpel-Lafond was more likely born and raised in Niagara Falls, Ontario. The CBC's report is based on archival voter records that show Turpel-Lafond's parents were registered to vote in Niagara Falls during both the year of her birth and the year prior to her birth; a yearbook for a Niagara Falls high school that lists Turpel-Lafond as a student 14 years later; the 1996 edition of Who's Who in Canada – which was edited by Turpel-Lafond – lists her place of birth as Niagara Falls; her ex-husband's statement that, during the period of their marriage, he understood her to have been born and raised in Niagara Falls, and had seen her birth certificate when they were preparing for marriage. CBC also reported that former Norway House Cree Nation chief and band councillor Ron Evans, who lived at Norway House during the time Turpel-Lafond was supposedly born there, said he has no recollection of any families with the surname Turpel living in the tight-knit community.[1]

Ancestry

Turpel-Lafond's ancestry and ethnicity are disputed.

According to a post made by Turpel-Lafond to her Twitter account, she is "of Cree, Scottish and English heritage": Cree via her father, and Scottish and English via her mother.[3] That post also states that her father, William Turpel, "was Cree, spoke Cree and lived the values of a Cree person."[3] Turpel-Lafond asserts that her father was adopted by a British couple as a child, William Nicholson Turpel and Eleanor Rhoda Turpel, but the adoption was done informally leaving no documentary records or evidence.[3]

The CBC reports that a birth certificate, baptismal record, and newspaper birth announcement all show that Turpel-Lafond's father, William, was actually the biological child of Canadian-British couple William Nicholson Turpel and Eleanor Rhoda Turpel.[1] In an analysis of historical records undertaken at the request of the CBC by Wilfrid Laurier University Professor Mark Humphries, who specializes in early Canadian social history, Humphries concluded it was "unlikely" Turpel-Lafond's father, William, was adopted as she states.[4] A cousin and an aunt of Turpel-Lafond have both told reporters that they had never known William Turpel to have either been adopted or have been of Cree ancestry.[2] Asked to comment on Turpel-Lafond's statement that her father is Cree, her ex-husband has said that "she's constructed a whole bunch of things".[1] Joe Keeper, a Cree man born at Norway House at around the same time William Turpel was born, has told media that neither he nor anyone he knows had heard that William Turpel was Cree and he doubts the accuracy of such a claim.[2]

Education and honoraria

By age 18, Turpel-Lafond had entered Carleton University, Ottawa, gravitating from the study of math and science to politics, philosophy, and eventually the law. Turpel-Lafond received a bachelor of arts degree from Carleton University in 1982, a law degree from Osgoode Hall in 1985,[5] and a doctorate of law from Harvard Law School in 1997.[2]

Turpel-Lafond received a diploma in international law from the University of Cambridge in 1989.[6] In a 2018 curriculum vitae, she said she had received a Master of Laws (LLM) from Cambridge.[2] According to Turpel-Lafond, a diploma in law is "equivalent to a master’s degree in law".[2] Sarah Eaton, a University of Calgary professor who specializes in academic integrity, has challenged that claim.[2] When asked by reporters, the University of Cambridge confirmed that the diploma is a substantially different credential from the LL.M. degree.[2]

In 2014, she was awarded an honorary doctorate from McGill University and gave the commencement address to the graduating law class.[7]

Turpel-Lafond said she had received an honorary doctorate from First Nations University of Canada.[8] According to First Nations University of Canada, it has never granted an honorary degree in the history of the institution and "any mention of receiving an honorary degree or award from FNUniv is erroneous".[8]

Turpel-Lafond said she had received the designation of Queen's Counsel (Q.C.) by the Government of Saskatchewan. Both the Ministry of Justice of Saskatchewan and the Law Society of Saskatchewan report there is no record of Turpel-Lafond being appointed Queen's Counsel.[9]

On December 14, 2022, the CBC reported that "All eleven universities that have granted honorary degrees to Turpel-Lafond have publicly committed to review the matter in some form."[10]

Turpel-Lafond returned the honorary doctorate granted her in 2013 by Vancouver Island University (VIU), the university said on January 17, 2023. In a statement the university said "Turpel-Lafond informed VIU of her decision to voluntarily return the honour after receiving correspondence from the university that it would be moving forward with a process regarding her honorary doctorate," the statement said. The university said that it would have no further comment about Turpel-Lafond, although it quoted VIU president Deborah Saucier as saying, "false claims of Indigenous ancestry cause harm to Indigenous peoples."[11]

On February 7, 2023, Royal Roads University revealed that Turpel-Lafond had surrendered an honorary Doctor of Laws degree that she had received in 2016. In a published statement, the university explained that Turpel-Lafond had responded to an investigation by voluntarily relinquishing the degree, which was then promptly cancelled. Royal Roads acknowledged the "harm caused to Indigenous people and communities by controversies such as these."[12]

On February 13, 2023, the University of Regina revoked the honorary doctorate it had awarded to Turpel-Lafond in 2003. "While the University recognizes that Turpel-Lafond has been a strong advocate for Indigenous rights and child welfare, her accomplishments are outweighed by the harm inflicted upon Indigenous academics, peoples and communities when non-Indigenous people misrepresent their Indigenous ancestry," the university said in a statement. The university went on to say "it made the decision following consultation and a review of evidence published by the media related to her ancestry claims and 'a number of other stated credentials and academic achievements have been shown to be untrue."[13]

Carleton University, on 24 February, 2023, rescinded the honorary degree awarded to Turpel-Lafond by Carleton in 2019, stating "The evidence that emerged about disputed claims to both Indigenous identity and academic credentials/accolades was deemed to outweigh the accomplishments that originally warranted granting the degree."[14] On the same date, the McGill University senate voted to revoke the honorary degree bestowed upon Turpel-Lafond by McGill in 2014, citing "evidence calling into question the validity of information about academic credentials and accomplishments appearing on Ms. Turpel-Lafond’s curriculum vitae," and "that her claims about being a Treaty Indian were the subject of important questions."[15]

On March 9, 2023, the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association announced that it had stripped Turpel-Lafond of the Reg Robson Award it had previously given her in 2020. In announcing the decision, the BCCLA stated that information had come to their board's attention "that demonstrates, in our view, that Dr. Turpel-Lafond falsified her claims to Cree ancestry", and that she had made other academic and professional claims "all of which, in our view, erode her professional integrity".[16][17] In response, Turpel-Lafond stated that she was satisfied with her "past work, identity and self-worth", and that it is "liberating" to be freed of honours, as she has "no emotional attachment to titles". She commented that she was surprised that the BCCLA had stripped her of the award without an opportunity to make any comments, and added that "trial by media is rampant," and said that is how "wrongful convictions and injustice" happen.[18]

On March 30, 2023, officials at Simon Fraser University announced that Turpel-Lafond had voluntarily returned the honorary degree that the university had awarded her in 2016. A university spokesperson said that the university had given Turpel-Lafond the options to "make representations on the issues at hand," or to return the degree, and Turpel-Lafond had chosen to return it.[19]

On May 10, 2023, Thompson Rivers University announced that Turpel-Lafond had voluntarily relinquished an honorary degree that the university had awarded in 2009. A spokesperson said that "TRU acknowledges the importance of Indigenous identity and the need for the university to do more to protect First Nations, Métis, and Inuit students, staff, and faculty from the impacts of any fraudulent identity claims".[20]

Career

Until recently, Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond was celebrated as among the most accomplished First Nations scholars in the history of Canada.[2]

Based on Turpel-Lafond's statement that she was a member of the Muskeg Lake Cree Nation, Turpel-Lafond was thought to be the first Treaty Indian to be appointed a judge in Saskatchewan in 1998.[21][22] She was the administrative judge for Saskatoon, involved in the administration of the Provincial Court of Saskatchewan in relation to access to justice, judicial independence projects, technology and public outreach.[23]

As a criminal law judge in youth and adult courts, Turpel-Lafond worked at developing partnerships to better serve the needs of young people in the justice system, particularly sexually exploited children and youth, and children and youth with disabilities, such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.[23]

Prior to her judicial appointment, Turpel-Lafond was a lawyer in Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan. She was an assistant professor of law at Dalhousie University Faculty of Law from 1989 to 1996. She occasionally spoke at other universities, and held the position of Aboriginal Scholar at the University of Saskatchewan. She has been a visiting professor at the University of British Columbia and the University of Victoria law schools.[23]

In November 2006, Turpel-Lafond was appointed to a five-year term as British Columbia's first Representative for Children and Youth. Her responsibilities included advocating for children and youth, protecting their rights, and improving the system for their protection and support, particularly those who are most vulnerable. She served all British Columbians under the age of 19, with an emphasis on young people in government care – such as those in foster homes, group homes, or youth custody.[23]

Turpel-Lafond was appointed to a second term in late 2011. In 2015, she called for the government to hire immediately at least 250 social workers for indigenous children, in order to provide needed services and protect vulnerable children. She said that due to turnover, government hiring had resulted in a minor increase in the number of social workers to care for children.[24]

As a practising lawyer, Turpel-Lafond has appeared before all levels of courts in Canada, including the Supreme Court of Canada.[25] Turpel-Lafond has worked on land claims with the Indian Law Resource Center in Washington, D.C., and served as a key legal and constitutional adviser to aboriginal leaders. Around 2017 she was being mooted as a potential first Indigenous appointment to the Supreme Court of Canada.[26]

According to Turpel-Lafond, she co-authored a book with University of British Columbia professor Grant Charles in 2017 titled Indigenous Customary Adoption and Reconciliation.[9] Charles says he has no recollection of writing such a book, and no copies of the volume have ever been discovered.[9]

In 2017, Turpel-Lafond filed a lawsuit against the Province of British Columbia which claimed that the government broke a verbal agreement to provide her with 18 months worth of pension credits for each year of service.[27] The statement of claim said the province had a history of animosity with Turpel-Lafond. It says a deputy minister told her in 2015 that "the government would treat her as a 'member of the opposition.'"

University of British Columbia

In 2018, Turpel-Lafond joined the Peter A. Allard School of Law at the University of British Columbia (UBC) as professor and was subsequently named the inaugural director of the University of British Columbia's Indian Residential School History and Dialogue Centre.[28][29] She resigned as director in June 2022, while continuing as a professor at the university.[30]

On January 3, 2023 it was reported that Turpel-Lafond was as of December 16, 2022 no longer employed by the University of British Columbia.[31] Turpel-Lafond's departure from UBC was marked by controversy, with her stating that she "retired" from her position, a statement which UBC declined to confirm.[32] The Globe and Mail states that Turpel-Lafond was removed from her position at the Peter A. Allard School of Law "because of the compelling evidence that she isn't who she says she is."[33]

Reactions to ancestry issue

In 2022, after allegations emerged that Turpel-Lafond had falsely claimed Indigenous ancestry, UBC affirmed its support for her with a university spokesperson saying Indigenous ancestry was not a prerequisite for her employment and that Turpel-Lafond's "identity is her own and the university is not going to comment on it".[34] Grand Chief Stewart Phillip, president of the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs, said he supported Turpel-Lafond and denounced accusations against her as a "disgusting witch hunt",[34] and as "Garbage. Yellow journalism. Tabloid crap. Misogynistic!!".[35] Some Indigenous groups and individuals also offered support to Turpel-Lafond.[36]

The Indigenous Women's Collective, which includes Lillian Dyck, the first woman of First Nations ancestry to serve in Canada's Senate, criticized the university's response saying that "university leaders have been too swift to publicly defend an individual claiming to hold Treaty Indian status and Indigeneity, when in fact there is no verifiable evidence to support that claim".[30] The Collective has also called on universities which have granted honorary degrees to Turpel-Lafond to consider revoking them. Some universities have indicated that they are reviewing the issue.[37][38][39]

Aly Bear, vice chief of the Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations, initially joined a statement of support for Turpel-Lafond. She subsequently retracted her support, explaining that her statement was issued "prematurely" and that she found Turpel-Lafond's claims of Cree ancestry "extremely offensive".[40]

Cindy Blackstock, professor of social work at McGill University, executive director of the First Nations Child and Family Caring Society, and member of the Gitxsan First Nation, has stated that she had reserved judgment on the issue until further evidence came out. She has concluded that the birth certificate for Turpel-Lafond's father "... was pretty clear and convincing evidence suggesting that in this case there is no Indigenous identity per se".[41]

Turpel-Lafond was a member of the Law Society of British Columbia, having been admitted to the BC Bar since 2018. She was a partner at Lafond & Mack Law Group LLP[42][43] but the firm was dissolved on October 19, 2022, a week after the allegations surfaced on CBC. [44] As of 2023 she is no longer a practising member with the Law Society of British Columbia.

Personal life

Turpel-Lafond lives in North Saanich, British Columbia,[45] with her second husband George Lafond, who is a former vice-chief and tribal chief of the Saskatoon Tribal Council. They have a son and three daughters, including one set of twins.

References
  1. Leo, Geoff (November 21, 2022). "Birth certificate contradicts Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond's account of her father's parentage and ancestry". CBC. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
  2. Leo, Geoff (October 12, 2022). "Disputed history". CBC. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
  3. Hunter, Justine (October 14, 2022). "Children's advocate Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond asserts Cree heritage after investigation casts doubt on ancestry". Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
  4. Leo, Geoff (October 14, 2022). "Turpel-Lafond now claims her father was adopted from a Cree family". CBC. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
  5. Curriculum Vitae of Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond mmiwg-ffada.ca
  6. McMahon, Rob (April 11, 2007). "Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond: BC's children's champion". The Georgia Straight. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  7. "Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond to receive honorary Law degree from McGill during Law's Convocation". McGill Faculty of Law News. May 23, 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  8. Leo, Geoff (November 1, 2022). "Universities weighing call from Indigenous women's group to revoke Turpel-Lafond's honorary degrees". CBC. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
  9. Leo, Geoff (November 2, 2022). "Missing book, non-existent honour, leaked membership list among new Turpel-Lafond revelations". CBC. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  10. Leo, Geoff (December 14, 2022). "Rescind Turpel-Lafond's honorary degrees or we'll return ours, say high-profile Indigenous women". The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
  11. Leo, Geoff (January 17, 2023). "Turpel-Lafond voluntarily returns honorary doctorate to Vancouver Island University". CBC News. Retrieved January 18, 2023.
  12. "Turpel-Lafond returns honorary degree to another B.C. university after internal review". CTV News. February 7, 2023. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
  13. Leo, Geoff (February 13, 2023). "University of Regina has rescinded Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond's honorary doctorate". CBC News. Retrieved February 13, 2023.
  14. "Carleton Rescinds Honorary Doctorate of Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond". Carleton Newsroom. February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  15. "Decision regarding honorary degree recipient". Office of the Principal and Vice-Chancellor. Retrieved March 11, 2023.
  16. "BC Civil Liberties Association Rescinds 2020 Reg Robson Award from Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond", BCCLA, March 9, 2023.
  17. "BC Civil Liberties Association revokes award granted to Mary Ellen Turpel Lafond", Global News/The Canadian Press, March 9, 2023.
  18. "Turpel-Lafond 'satisfied' with identity, past work," Global News/The Canadian Press, March 9, 2023.
  19. "Turpel-Lafond returns honorary degree granted by Simon Fraser University in B.C.", Global News?The Canadian Press", March 30, 2023.
  20. "Turpel-Lafond Turpel-Lafond returns honorary degree to TRU amid ongoing controversy", Prince George Citizen, May 10, 2023.
  21. Legg, Erin. "Turpel-Lafond, Mary Ellen (1963–)". The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
  22. Saskatchewan Government News Release, "Turpel-Lafond Appointed Provincial Court Judge", March 4, 1998.
  23. "Dr. Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond". royalroads.ca. Royal Roads University. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
  24. Advocate says B.C.'s children in government care need more social workers now, The Canadian Press, 8 October 2015, accessed 11 February 2016
  25. R v Pamajewon, [1996] 2 SCR 821.
  26. Fine, Sean (November 16, 2017). "Trudeau's Supreme Court pick tangled in race, gender politics". Globe and Mail.
  27. CBC News (March 18, 2017). "Former B.C. children's watchdog sues province in pension dispute".
  28. "Peter A. Allard School of Law | Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond". Archived from the original on April 4, 2018.
  29. "Former B.C. representative for children and youth takes new UBC job | CBC News".
  30. Leo, Geoff (October 25, 2022). "Indigenous professionals say UBC is mishandling Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond ancestry fallout". CBC. Retrieved November 21, 2022.
  31. Leo, Geoff (January 3, 2023). "Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond no longer employed by UBC". CBC News. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
  32. "Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond departure from UBC shines spotlight on vetting of Indigenous identities". Victoria Times Colonist. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  33. Mason, Gary (January 8, 2023). "To no one's surprise, UBC botches Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond's departure". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved January 9, 2023.
  34. Woo, Andrea (October 12, 2022). "UBC backs Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond after report raises questions about her claims to Indigenous ancestry". Retrieved November 21, 2022.
  35. Leo, Geoff (November 24, 2022). "Sask. vice chief retracts statement that 'prematurely' supported Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond's ancestry claims". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  36. Geoff Leo, "Indigenous groups rally around Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond amid calls for proof of her Cree ancestry", CBC News, October 13, 2022.
  37. Geoff Leo, "Universities weighing call from Indigenous women's group to revoke Turpel-Lafond's honorary degrees", CBC News, November 1, 2022.
  38. Women's Group Call for Revocation of Turpel-Lafond's Honorary Degrees", Indian Time, November 11, 2022.
  39. Carla Wilson, "Royal Roads, VIU take another look at Turpel-Lafond honorary degrees", Times-Colonist, November 6, 2022.
  40. Leo, Geoff (November 24, 2022). "Sask. vice chief retracts statement that 'prematurely' supported Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond's ancestry claims". CBC. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  41. Geoff Leo, "Cindy Blackstock says birth certificate convinced her that Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond has no Cree ancestry", CBC News, November 23, 2022.
  42. Lafond & Mack Law Group LLP
  43. Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond
  44. Lafond & Mack Law Group LLP
  45. "Governor General announces 135 new appointments to the Order of Canada". December 20, 2021.
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