Mary Virginia McCormick

Mary Virginia McCormick (May 5, 1861 – May 24, 1941) was a wealthy American philanthropist[1] who donated to humanitarian causes in the United States and Canada in the early twentieth century. She was a member of the McCormick family who had schizophrenia[2] and a reclusive lifestyle.[3][4]

Mary Virginia McCormick
Photograph of McCormick by William Cunningham Gray, February 17, 1901
Photograph of Mary V. McCormick, 1901
Born
Mary Virginia McCormick

(1861-05-05)May 5, 1861
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
DiedMay 24, 1941(1941-05-24) (aged 80)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Resting placeGraceland Cemetery, Chicago
Parent(s)Cyrus Hall McCormick
Nancy Fowler McCormick
RelativesSee McCormick family

Biography

Childhood and adolescence

Born in Chicago, Illinois[5] on May 5, 1861,[5][6] Mary Virginia McCormick was the eldest daughter[7] of Nancy Maria "Nettie" Fowler McCormick and Cyrus Hall McCormick,[8] the American inventor of the mechanical reaper[9][10] and industrialist[11][12] who founded the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company in 1847.[13][14] She was the couple's second child,[6][8][15] born two years after her brother, Cyrus McCormick Jr.[6][16] 

Mary Virginia McCormick circa 1872

In July 1862, she sailed with her family across the Atlantic aboard the SS Scotia to Liverpool, England,[17][18] and lived with her mother in London[19][20] while her father toured the United Kingdom, France and Germany to exhibit his farming invention.[20] When the McCormicks returned to the United States in 1864,[21][22] by mid-November[23][24] they occupied a second-floor suite at the Fifth Avenue Hotel[25] in New York City.[5][26]

While staying at the hotel, Mary McCormick and her older brother were infected with scarlet fever that winter,[5][25] an illness that took the life of her younger brother, Robert Fowler McCormick,[5][25] on January 6, 1865.[5][6] At the age of five, she lived at 40 Fifth Avenue[27] in Lower Manhattan after her father purchased the residential property for the family[5][28] in November 1866.[5]

The McCormicks settled in Chicago after the Great Chicago Fire in October 1871,[29][30][31] residing at 62 North Sheldon Street until the spring of 1875[32][33] and then moving to a house on 363 Superior Street.[32][33] Although Mary McCormick was educated by private tutors[34][35] and stayed at private boarding schools away from home,[36] she attended Central High School, a Chicago public school on Monroe Street.[7] In her early teenage years, she displayed musical talent and became a skilled pianist.[15][37]

When the McCormicks visited Europe in the summer of 1878,[38][39] the family addressed her thereafter by her middle name, Virginia.[40] In August,[41] she vacationed with her mother at St. Moritz,[40] a Swiss town near the Albula Alps, while her father featured the reaper at the World's Fair in Paris.[39][42] The pair then rejoined the family at the French capital in October[43][44] and stayed at the Hôtel du Jardin,[44][45] across from the Tuileries Garden.[44] Mary McCormick remained with her parents and younger siblings in Paris until mid-April 1879[46][47] to care for her father[48] as he recovered from a malignant carbuncle on the back of his neck.[49][50] During her stay, she visited museums, historic places, the French opera, performances by stage actress Sarah Bernhardt and a mass at Notre-Dame Cathedral with church music led by composer Charles Gounod.[47]

The family returned to the United States in the summer of 1879.[51] When the McCormicks moved into their new Chicago mansion on Rush Street in late November, she was at a boarding school in New York.[52]

Mental illness

Mary Virginia McCormick circa 1890

Mary McCormick exhibited signs of anxiety that worsened throughout her teenage years.[15][37] By the age of 18, she expressed delusional ideas and hallucinated.[15] She had frequent bouts of weeping and frantic praying.[15][37] Episodes of insomnia[37] were marked with incidents of her climbing out of windows[15] and wandering around at night.[15]  

At the age of 19,[2][53][54] she was diagnosed by doctors with dementia praecox.[37][55] Due to her medical diagnosis, doctors declared her as insane[54][56] and mentally incompetent[57][58] in 1880.[58] Her condition became worse after the death of her father[59] on May 13, 1884.[60][61][62] The following August,[63] she stayed at Clayton Lodge, the McCormick family estate in Richfield Springs, New York,[64] and after Christmas,[65] her mother brought her to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to seek treatment under the care of Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell, a neurologist.[66]

By 1889,[67] she occupied a camp in the Adirondack Mountains[67][68] of upstate New York and a house in the Upper West Side of Manhattan near the Hudson River,[67][68] two dwellings that were provided by her mother[67][68] who had employed a resident physician[67][68] and household attendants to care for her.[68] Grace Thorne Walker, a Canadian-born[69][70] business secretary for the McCormick family,[69] was the head of Mary McCormick's household[71] and served as her nursing companion.[72][73] Cyrus McCormick Jr. negotiated a three-year contract to recruit Dr. Alice Bennett,[71][74] a superintendent at the Norristown State Hospital for the Insane,[71] as Mary McCormick's attending physician in 1896[71][74] but Bennett resigned two years later[71][74] after resident nurses had accused the doctor of morphine addiction.[74]

Mid-life in the United States and Canada

Kildare manor in Huntsville, Alabama

In 1897,[2][15][75] Mary McCormick moved to the family estate at Riven Rock in Montecito, California[76][77] and lived there until 1904.[78] She stayed in Asheville, North Carolina[79] in the summer of 1898,[80] which became her winter residence.[81]

The Kildare manor near Oakwood Avenue in Huntsville, Alabama, then became her winter home[73][81][82] after her mother purchased the property from industrialist Michael Joseph O'Shaughnessy in 1900.[1][72] She kept a small herd of deer on the estate[83] and maintained a dairy that provided free milk to underprivileged children in Huntsville.[82] On May 5 of each year, an outdoor festival was held on the grounds of her manor for hundreds of invited schoolchildren to celebrate her birthday.[82][84]

Oaklands manor in Toronto, Ontario

Mary McCormick visited Canada in 1904[85][86] and remained in Toronto for months.[86] She noticed the Oaklands manor on Avenue Road during her stay[85][86] and her family bought the property from the family of Senator John Macdonald[87] in November 1905[85][86][88] as a summer residence[88] for her.[86] By 1908, she occupied the estate[89] where her home held indoor gatherings for the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA),[90][91][92][93] the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)[94] and the Women's Christian Medical College.[95][96] The grounds of her manor held outdoor garden parties every June that raised funds for the benefit of the Girl Guides of Canada,[97][98] the Toronto General Hospital[99][100] and the Home and School Association of Brown Public School on Avenue Road.[101][102][103][104][105] In June 1916, her estate had the largest fête ever held in Canada,[106][107][108] a four-day festival[106][107][108] that was opened by Ontario Premier William Hearst[109][110] for the Canadian Red Cross Society[107][108] at the mid-point of the First World War.

She visited Cohasset, Massachusetts, in 1910 and leased the Caravels manor on Nichols Road.[111] Fond of music herself,[69][82][111] she accommodated musicians from the Boston Symphony Orchestra during her stay at the manor that year.[111] Her family then acquired the property from industrialist Albert Cameron Burrage the following year[111] as her seaside residence.[112] The Caravels manor served as a layover during her travels between Huntsville and Toronto[113] as the McCormicks made annual family visits to Cohasset at the end of June.[114]  

Later life in California and death

After the death of her mother on July 5, 1923,[115][116] Mary McCormick moved back to California in 1924.[3][4][117][118] The property at 1400 Hillcrest Avenue in Pasadena[119][120] was purchased by the McCormicks from the family of oil magnate Frank Whitney Emery[119] as her primary residence.[121] She was placed under the care of Dr. Adolf Meyer,[122][123] a psychiatrist who was retained in 1927 for five years by her younger sister, Anita McCormick Blaine.[122]

In 1928, the McCormick family acquired a cliffside property in Los Angeles on Alma Real Drive in the Huntington Palisades community near Santa Monica that became her summer home[121] known as the Quelindo manor.[3][4][82][124] Her estate in Toronto was sold to the Brothers of the Christian Schools in 1931 for the purpose of establishing a campus for De La Salle College[125][126] and her manor in Huntsville was sold at auction in 1932 and became a hotel that year.[127]

She hired symphony orchestras to play for her[3][4][119][121] and kept three musicians among her retinue of 30 household servants[3][82][119] as she divided her time between the two California estates.[119] In May 1938, she was ill at the Quelindo manor[128] and unable to attend the wedding of her younger brother, Harold Fowler McCormick, to his nurse, Adah Wilson, that was held at her other home in Pasadena.[128][129]

Bedridden[82] by an illness in her final three months,[4][82] Mary McCormick died at the Quelindo manor on May 24, 1941, at the age of 80.[3][4][82][124][130] Her belongings in California were sold at auction[119][121] and her net worth, after all inheritance taxes and expenses had been deducted, was US$6,550,802 in 1942.[71][130] She was buried with other members of the McCormick family at Graceland Cemetery in Chicago.

Philanthropy

Mary McCormick was endowed with a trust fund[1] that afforded her with the means to support social activities and charitable causes.[1][82] In 1904,[131][132][133] she provided the first settlement house in Huntsville[132] with the opening of Virginia Hall,[82][131][132][134] a fifteen-room community center[132][133] situated in West Huntsville.[131][133][134][135] In Toronto, her donation to the YWCA allowed the charity to open the YWCA Cafeteria in August 1910,[136] a downtown restaurant at 209 Yonge Street[136][137] that offered affordable meals for women.[136]

She pledged a donation to the Toronto Playgrounds Association in 1910 for the purpose of equipping a children's playground in the city.[138][139][140][141] Cottingham Square, a public square[138] near her Toronto home,[139] was the original location for the playground[142][143] but it was too close in proximity to the Canadian Pacific Railway line.[143] The land of the former Grand National Rink on Brock Avenue was purchased by the city of Toronto in December 1910[144][145] which then became the site for the McCormick Playground in July 1911.[146] Her mother and Toronto Mayor George Reginald Geary opened the McCormick Recreation Centre in September 1912[147][148] on the site of the playground at 163 Brock Avenue,[149] a venue where Mary McCormick held annual Christmas parties for 400 children and their parents.[150][151][152] The total of her contribution to the Toronto Playgrounds Association was CA$25,000.[153][154]

Virginia McCormick Hospital later became Virginia McCormick Hall at Alabama A&M University

During the Jim Crow era of racial segregation in the Southern United States, Mary McCormick funded the construction of a hospital in 1911 at the Alabama State Agricultural and Mechanical College, a black college in Normal, Alabama.[155][156] The Virginia McCormick Hospital cost US$10,000 to build[155] and it was the only hospital for African Americans in Madison County when it opened.[157] She also contributed US$19,000 in the same year to erect the Councill Domestic Sciences Building on the campus,[155] named after the college's founder William Hooper Councill,[157][158] an educator who was a former slave.[158] In February 1916,[159][160] she donated US$5,000 to open a black hospital annex of the Huntsville Infirmary,[159][160][161] an eight-room building[159] that was furnished by her household servants[162] and located across the street in downtown Huntsville from the segregated white hospital.[159][161][162]  

She gave US$17,500 to the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) of Huntsville.[163][164] Her aid allowed the Central YMCA to open on Greene Street[164][165] in February 1912[163][164] and the West Huntsville YMCA[82][164] to open on Eighth Avenue[166] in 1915.[166][167] She contributed US$3,000[168] in 1916[169] to erect the West Huntsville School, an eight-room wooden schoolhouse[168][169] on Ninth Street.[168]

Mary McCormick supported the Canadian war effort during the First World War by sending CA$1,500 to the Canadian Red Cross Society,[170] CA$5,000 to the YMCA Red Triangle Fund[171] and 200 pairs of socks to the Ontario Red Cross Sock Fund.[172]

Legacy

Landmarks with her namesake include the following:

Virginia Library at the McCormick Theological Seminary in Chicago
  • McCormick YMCA at 3214 Eighth Avenue in Huntsville,[179] opened from 1915 to 1983.[166]
  • Virginia McCormick Hall at 308 Buchanan Way at Alabama A&M University in Normal, Alabama, first opened as the Virginia McCormick Hospital from 1911 to 1927.[157]

References

  1. Ellis & Drost 2002, p. 13.
  2. Kleiman, Miriam (Summer 2007). "Rich, Famous, and Questionably Sane: When a Wealthy Heir's Family Sought Help From a Hospital For the Insane". Prologue. 39 (2): 41.
  3. "Recluse Who Hired Orchestras; Wealthy Spinster Dies at 80". Toronto Daily Star. May 26, 1941. p. 21.
  4. "Mary V. McCormick, 80, Mystery Woman, Dies". Wilmington Journal-Every Evening. Santa Monica, California. AP. May 26, 1941. p. 4. Retrieved March 29, 2023 via Newspapers.com.
  5. Hutchison 1935, p. 128.
  6. McCormick, Leander James (1896). Family Record and Biography. Chicago: L.J. McCormick. p. 304.
  7. Roderick 1956, p. 116.
  8. Roderick 1956, p. 73.
  9. Hutchison 1935, p. 360.
  10. Casson 1909, p. 44.
  11. Hutchison 1935, p. 361.
  12. Casson 1909, p. 53.
  13. Roderick 1956, p. 44.
  14. Casson 1909, p. 137.
  15. Rosenberg 2019, p. 168.
  16. Hutchison 1935, p. 110.
  17. Hutchison 1935, p. 419.
  18. Roderick 1956, p. 78.
  19. Hutchison 1935, p. 421.
  20. Casson 1909, p. 133.
  21. Hutchison 1935, pp. 127–128.
  22. Roderick 1956, pp. 82–83.
  23. Hutchison 1935, p. 127.
  24. Roderick 1956, p. 83.
  25. Roderick 1956, p. 84.
  26. Roderick 1956, pp. 83–84.
  27. Roderick 1956, p. 85.
  28. Roderick 1956, pp. 84–85.
  29. Hutchison 1935, pp. 257, 740.
  30. Roderick 1956, p. 98.
  31. Casson 1909, p. 152.
  32. Roderick 1956, p. 114.
  33. Hutchison 1935, p. 740.
  34. Roderick 1956, pp. 85, 116.
  35. Hutchison 1935, p. 673.
  36. Roderick 1956, pp. 116, 129.
  37. Fields 2003, p. 40.
  38. Hutchison 1935, p. 667.
  39. Roderick 1956, p. 120.
  40. Roderick 1956, p. 121.
  41. Roderick 1956, p. 122.
  42. Hutchison 1935, pp. 665–669.
  43. Hutchison 1935, pp. 669–670.
  44. Roderick 1956, p. 123.
  45. Hutchison 1935, p. 670.
  46. Hutchison 1935, p. 674.
  47. Roderick 1956, p. 127.
  48. Roderick 1956, pp. 124–125.
  49. Hutchison 1935, p. 672.
  50. Roderick 1956, p. 124.
  51. Hutchison 1935, p. 635.
  52. Roderick 1956, p. 129.
  53. Noll 1999, p. 149.
  54. Fields 2003, p. 156.
  55. Noll 1999, p. 156.
  56. Noll 1999, p. 152.
  57. In re Estate of McCormick, 260 Ill. App. 36 (1931), p. 38
  58. Written at Chicago. "Mary V. McCormick Estate Is Approved". Decatur Herald. Decatur, Illinois (published July 19, 1945). AP. July 18, 1945. p. 5. Retrieved March 29, 2023 via Newspapers.com.
  59. Roderick 1956, p. 137.
  60. Hutchison 1935, p. 771.
  61. Roderick 1956, p. 132.
  62. "Cyrus H. M'Cormick Dead". The New York Times. May 14, 1884. p. 1. Retrieved March 29, 2023 via Newspapers.com.
  63. Roderick 1956, p. 143.
  64. Roderick 1956, pp. 143–144.
  65. Roderick 1956, p. 145.
  66. Roderick 1956, pp. 145–146.
  67. Roderick 1956, p. 178.
  68. Rosenberg 2019, p. 38.
  69. Ellis & Drost 2002, p. 20.
  70. "Housing Board Member Served National YWCA". Globe and Mail. May 23, 1952. p. 4.
  71. Rosenberg 2019, p. 169.
  72. Record 1978, p. 108.
  73. Ellis & Drost 2002, pp. 13, 20.
  74. Mallon, Linda; Sama, Anita (2001). Franklin's Daughters: Profiles of Penn Women. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. p. 11.
  75. Roderick 1956, p. 198.
  76. Roderick 1956, pp. 198–199.
  77. Rosenberg 2019, pp. 38, 168.
  78. Fields 2003, p. 83.
  79. Roderick 1956, p. 243.
  80. Roderick 1956, p. 242.
  81. Roderick 1956, p. 240.
  82. "Miss M'Cormick Services Held Today". Huntsville Times. May 26, 1941. p. 1. Retrieved March 29, 2023 via Newspapers.com.
  83. Record 1978, p. 154.
  84. "May Fete Champetre at Kildare". Huntsville Weekly Democrat. May 9, 1906. p. 3. Retrieved March 29, 2023 via Newspapers.com.
  85. "Oaklands Sold". Toronto Daily Star. November 17, 1905. p. 7.
  86. "'Oaklands' Sold". Toronto Globe. November 17, 1905. p. 12.
  87. Van Bommel, Harry (2011). Senator John Macdonald: How One Immigrant Can Make Us Better (PDF) (3rd ed.). Toronto: Resources Supporting Family and Community Legacies Inc. pp. 46, 145.
  88. "'Oaklands' Has Been Sold". Toronto World. November 17, 1905. p. 4.
  89. "Background Report: De La Salle College 'Oaklands' 131 Farnham Avenue" (PDF). City of Toronto. July 2015. p. 4. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  90. "Christian Association Meets". Toronto World. November 30, 1916. p. 2. Retrieved March 30, 2023 via Google News Archive.
  91. "Social Notes". Toronto Daily Star. February 13, 1918. p. 10.
  92. "Lady Falconer Says Girls Thoughtless". Toronto Daily Star. February 13, 1919. p. 19.
  93. "Society". Toronto Daily Star. February 14, 1919. p. 11.
  94. "Committee of One Hundred". Toronto Daily Star. February 3, 1916. p. 13.
  95. "Dr. McKellar Tells of Hospital in India". Toronto Daily Star. October 21, 1920. p. 12.
  96. "Women Doctors Serve in India". Toronto Globe. October 22, 1920. p. 10.
  97. "Social Events". Toronto Globe. June 8, 1915. p. 8.
  98. "For Women To-day". Toronto Globe. June 19, 1915. p. 10.
  99. "Garden Party at Oaklands". Toronto Daily Star. June 14, 1915. p. 8.
  100. "Social Events". Toronto Globe. June 14, 1915. p. 8.
  101. "Garden Fete at 'Oaklands'". Toronto Globe. June 7, 1920. p. 10.
  102. "Delightful Fete of Brown School". Toronto World. June 7, 1920. p. 5. Retrieved March 30, 2023 via Google News Archive.
  103. "School Children Display Triumphs". Toronto Globe. June 6, 1921. p. 6.
  104. "Pretty Dances Enchant Crowd". Toronto Globe. June 5, 1922. p. 14.
  105. "Society". Toronto Daily Star. June 9, 1923. p. 20.
  106. "June Fete of the Sunshine Circle". Toronto Daily Star. June 22, 1916. p. 6.
  107. "Sunshine Fete". Toronto Globe. June 26, 1916. p. 9.
  108. "Sunshine Fete". Toronto World. June 26, 1916. p. 2.
  109. "Sunshine Fete". Toronto Daily Star. June 24, 1916. p. 15.
  110. "Sunshine Circle Opened Big Fete". Toronto World. June 24, 1916. p. 4.
  111. "Table Gossip". The Boston Globe. June 25, 1911. p. 54. Retrieved March 29, 2023 via Newspapers.com.
  112. "Social Events". Toronto Globe. October 12, 1914. p. 5.
  113. "To Enforce the Auto Speed Laws". Birmingham Age-Herald. Huntsville (published June 16, 1911). June 15, 1911. p. 3. Retrieved March 29, 2023 via Newspapers.com.
  114. Wadsworth, David H.; Morse, Paula; DeGiacomo, Lynne (2004). Images of America: Cohasset. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 93.
  115. Roderick 1956, p. 315.
  116. "Mrs. M'Cormick Dies at Chicago; Inventor's Wife". Des Moines Register. Associated Press. July 6, 1923. p. 14. Retrieved February 5, 2023 via Newspapers.com.
  117. "Miss McCormick, 80, of 'Oaklands' Dies". Globe and Mail. May 27, 1941. p. 4.
  118. "Once Had Oaklands; Reaper Heiress Dies". Toronto Daily Star. May 27, 1941. p. 10.
  119. "Los Angeles History: July 19, 1908". Los Angeles Daily Mirror. July 19, 2008. Archived from the original on May 24, 2014.
  120. "Estate Sells For $115,000". Los Angeles Times. July 4, 1945. p. 11. Retrieved March 29, 2023 via Newspapers.com.
  121. Edlen, Michael (July 21, 2017). "Huntington Palisades McCormick Estate History". Palisades News. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017.
  122. Fields 2003, p. 206.
  123. "McCormick Story Yet Unfinished". Sedalia Democrat. Santa Barbara. AP. December 13, 1929. p. 4. Retrieved March 29, 2023 via Newspapers.com.
  124. "McCormick's Daughter Dies". Globe and Mail. May 26, 1941. p. 15.
  125. "Christian Brothers Buy Hill Property For New School". Toronto Globe. June 23, 1931. p. 13.
  126. "M'Cormick Property Sold For $350,000". Toronto Daily Star. July 10, 1931. p. 25.
  127. Pruitt 2005, p. 149.
  128. "Harold F. M'Cormick Weds". The New York Times. June 1, 1938. p. 20.
  129. Rosenberg 2019, p. 131.
  130. "McCormick Estate Taxed $12,000,000". San Pedro News-Pilot. Chicago. AP. May 14, 1942. p. 8. Retrieved March 29, 2023 via Newspapers.com.
  131. Woods, Robert A.; Kennedy, Albert J., eds. (1911). Handbook of Settlements (PDF). New York: Charities Publication Committee. p. 7.
  132. Record 1978, p. 120.
  133. Ellis & Drost 2002, p. 16.
  134. "Virginia Hall". Huntsville Morning Mercury. October 15, 1905. p. 3. Retrieved March 29, 2023 via Newspapers.com.
  135. Record 1978, p. 132.
  136. "New Restaurant For Women Only". Toronto Daily Star. August 23, 1910. p. 5.
  137. Toronto City Directory, 1911 (PDF). Toronto: Might Directories Limited. 1911. p. 1425. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  138. "The Playgrounds". Toronto Daily Star. April 30, 1910. p. 27.
  139. "For Children's Playground". Toronto Globe. August 15, 1910. p. 7.
  140. "A Check For $10,000 For Big Playground". Toronto Daily Star. September 7, 1910. p. 3.
  141. "Miss M'Cormick's Fine Gift". Toronto Globe. September 8, 1910. p. 8.
  142. "Dovercourt Playground". Toronto Daily Star. December 1, 1910. p. 8.
  143. "Brock Avenue Site For a Playground". Toronto Globe. April 11, 1911. p. 9.
  144. "Want $34,000 For Ground". Toronto Daily Star. December 8, 1910. p. 7.
  145. "May Buy Brock Ave. Site". Toronto Daily Star. December 16, 1910. p. 7.
  146. "New Playgrounds Opened". Toronto Globe. July 3, 1911. p. 8.
  147. "Came From Chicago to Give Playgrounds". Toronto Globe. September 23, 1912. p. 9.
  148. "Children Get New Playplace". Toronto World. September 23, 1912. p. 9. Retrieved March 30, 2023 via Google News Archive.
  149. Toronto City Directory, 1914 (PDF). Toronto: Might Directories, Limited. 1914. pp. 119, 1083, 1826. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  150. "Parents Are Entertained". Toronto World. December 29, 1917. p. 5. Retrieved March 30, 2023 via Google News Archive.
  151. "Parents Entertained". Toronto Daily Star. December 31, 1917. p. 11.
  152. "Recreation Centre Feast". Toronto Globe. December 24, 1918. p. 4.
  153. "Miss M'Cormick's Gift". Toronto Globe. September 27, 1912. p. 9.
  154. "Notes and Comments". Toronto Globe. September 28, 1912. p. 6.
  155. Record 1978, p. 144.
  156. "Hospital Opened". Birmingham Age-Herald. Huntsville (published February 24, 1912). February 23, 1912. p. 3. Retrieved March 29, 2023 via Newspapers.com.
  157. "Master Plan, Final Report" (PDF). Alabama A&M University. January 2014. p. 8. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  158. "Slave Who Rose to Prominence". Iowa State Bystander. Des Moines. April 30, 1909. p. 1. Retrieved March 29, 2023 via Newspapers.com.
  159. Pruitt 2005, p. 133.
  160. "Bequests and Donations". Journal of the American Medical Association. LXVI (8): 585. February 19, 1916.
  161. Record 1978, p. 161.
  162. Groom, Faye; Roache, Edna (March 1996). "The Nursing Program at Oakwood". Adventist Heritage. Special Oakwood Edition (17.1): 34.
  163. Record 1978, p. 145.
  164. Pruitt 2005, p. 129.
  165. Record 1978, p. 136.
  166. Ellis & Drost 2002, p. 17.
  167. Record 1978, pp. 155, 158.
  168. Reinbolt, Aida (Spring–Summer 1986). "The Mill Schools of West Huntsville" (PDF). Historic Huntsville Quarterly. 12 (3 & 4): 28.
  169. French, Terri L. (2017). Huntsville Textile Mills & Villages: Linthead Legacy. Charleston, South Carolina: History Press. p. 79.
  170. "Street Collections To-day". Toronto Daily Star. October 20, 1916. p. 15.
  171. "Red Triangle Fund Goes Far 'Over Top'". Toronto Globe. May 20, 1918. p. 9.
  172. "Soap and Blankets, Please". Toronto Globe. January 4, 1919. p. 10.
  173. "2 Reporters Evicted From Union Meeting". Globe and Mail. October 30, 1964. p. 5.
  174. "Busy Children Take Over $750,000 Recreation Centre". Globe and Mail. October 30, 1964. p. 39.
  175. Greater Toronto City Directory, 1965. Toronto: Might Directories, Limited. 1965. p. 78. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  176. "Minutes of the Economic Development and Parks Committee" (PDF). City of Toronto. May 14, 2001. p. 16. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  177. Greater Toronto City Directory, 1963. Toronto: Might Directories, Limited. 1963. p. 78. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  178. "McCormick Arena". McCormick Playground Arena Board of Management. Archived from the original on August 26, 2019.
  179. Corrections in Alabama: A Master Plan (PDF). Vol. 3. Alabama Law Enforcement Planning Agency. 1973. p. 104. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  180. Roderick 1956, p. 248.
  181. "Transcript Requests". Tusculum University. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  182. Wheeler, Frank T. (2000). Tusculum College Tennessee. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 36.
  183. Roderick 1956, p. 254.
  184. Roderick 1956, p. 201.
  185. Chicago Blue Book, 1912 (PDF). Chicago: Chicago Directory Company. 1911. p. 102. Retrieved October 15, 2021.
  186. Ware, Elizabeth K. (June 1998). Within the Wrought-Iron Fence: The Hidden Heritage of McCormick Theological Seminary, 1864-1975. Chicago: DePaul University. p. 8.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.