Master Nationality Rule

The Master Nationality Rule is a consequence of Article 4 of the Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws of 1930. This provides that "a State may not afford diplomatic protection to one of its nationals against a state whose nationality such person also possesses".[1]

In terms of practical effect, it means that when a multiple citizen is in the country of one of his or her nationalities, that country has the right to treat that person as if he or she were solely a citizen or national of that country. This includes the right to impose military service obligations, or to require an exit permit to leave.[2]

United Kingdom detailed explanation

The United Kingdom Home Office explains in more detail:

Commonly known as the "Master Nationality Rule", the practical effect of this Article is that where a person is a national of, for example, two States (A and B), and is in the territory of State A, then State B has no right to claim that person as its national or to intervene on that person's behalf. Such a person who goes into the territory of a third state may be treated as a national of either A or B – it does not normally matter which one, except, for example, where the courts of the third state have to adjudicate upon matters relating to that person's status and the relevant laws depend on the person's nationality. In such cases, it is necessary to choose an effective nationality (i.e. one of the two nationalities is selected as effective for the purposes of the third state).[3]

The United Kingdom may still make informal diplomatic representations to the authorities of another country when a British citizen is held in another country, even if that person is also a citizen of that country, in case of special humanitarian needs,[4] such as the intervention made by then UK foreign secretary Philip Hammond during the Causeway Bay Books Disappearances.

History

During the Cold War era, the United States signed consular agreements with certain Warsaw Pact countries providing that a U.S. citizen who entered that country with a U.S. passport and the appropriate visa would not be subsequently treated as a citizen of that country (and hence prevented from leaving).[5] The Warsaw Pact countries involved (notably Poland) wished to encourage tourism from emigrants and their descendants settled in the U.S. Since the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in 1991, many of those countries have abolished visa requirements for U.S. citizens thus nullifying those provisions (for detailed discussion see under Dual citizenship in Poland).

Australia, Canada,[6] and the United States[7] have concluded similar consular agreements with the People's Republic of China.

The Master Nationality Rule stands in contrast with the draft Article 7 of International Law Commission 2006 Articles on Diplomatic Protection, which proposes the exercise of rights if the nationality of the protecting state is "predominant". These draft Articles have not been submitted to a conference to formalize them into a treaty.[8]

References
  1. Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws Archived 2014-12-26 at the Wayback Machine. The Hague, 12 April 1930. Full text.
  2. Rahman, Zarina (20 August 2019). "Multiple nationality and multiple citizenship (including dual nationality and dual citizenship)". Richmond Chambers. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  3. "Dual Nationality". UK Home Office. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
  4. "Travel & living abroad: When things go wrong: Arrest or detention". Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 8 July 2010. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  5. For example see U.S.-Poland Bilateral Consular Convention Archived 2013-11-06 at the Wayback Machine.
  6. "China Travel Advice and Advisories". Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
  7. United States - China Consular convention. Exchange of Notes I, section 3 (page 18).
  8. Denza, Eileen (2018). "Nationality and Diplomatic Protection". Netherlands International Law Review. Eileen Denza. 65 (3): 463–480. doi:10.1007/s40802-018-0119-4. S2CID 150320796.
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