Matthew 18

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:

• Papyrus 25 (4th century; extant verses 32–34)
• Codex Vaticanus (325-350)
• Codex Sinaiticus (330-360)
• Codex Bezae (~400)
• Codex Washingtonianus (~400)
• Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (~450)
• Codex Purpureus Rossanensis (6th century)
• Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus (6th century; extant verses 6-25)
• Codex Sinopensis (6th century; extant verses 4-30)
• Papyrus 44 (6th/7th century; extant verses 15–17, 19)

"Assuredly, I say to you, unless you are converted and become as little children, you will by no means enter the kingdom of heaven."[6]

"Be converted" is more literally translated as "be turned ... so as to go in an opposite direction".[7] The phrase "enter the kingdom of heaven" appears three other times in the Gospel, at Matthew 5:20, 7:21, and 23:13.[8]

“But whoever causes one of these little ones who believe in Me to sin, it would be better for him if a millstone were hung around his neck, and he were drowned in the depth of the sea."[9]

This verse is Jesus' warning about causing other people, particularly children ("one of these little ones"), to sin.[10] The imagery of a millstone around one's neck serves to highlight the severity of the sin of promoting sin or encouraging others to sin.[11] The fact that Jesus states that "it would be better"[12] to have such a heavy thing around one's neck and fall into the waters of the sea than to commit a deed shows how serious the act of leading someone astray is.[13]

"Woe to the world because of offenses! For offenses must come, but woe to that man by whom the offense comes![14]

Woe to the world (Greek: οὐαὶ τῶ κόσμῳ, Ouai tō kosmō).

In Matthew 18:7, Jesus utters "an exclamation of pity at thought of the miseries that come upon mankind through ambitious passions".[7]

ηλθεν γαρ ο υιος του ανθρωπου σωσαι το απολωλος

For the Son of Man has come to save that which was lost.[15]

Verse 11 is present in some ancient texts but not in others. It appears in the Textus Receptus, and the King James Version includes it, but the New International Version omits it and the omission in the NU text is noted in a footnote in the New King James Version.[16]

The threefold function of a local church is not only to receive new believers into its midst (cf. 18:1–11), but also to restore of backsliders and to reconcile brethren (18:15–35).[17] The restoration of backsliders is illustrated by Jesus in a story of the lost sheep and the loving shepherd, which is more fully told and elaborated into a three-part story in Luke 15 concerning a lost sheep, a lost piece of silver, and a lost son.[18]

The third of the threefold functions of a local church (after receiving new believers in 18:1–11 and restoring backsliders in 18:12–14) is to reconcile brethren.[19] Allison observes that "as soon as [Jesus] finishes the subject of disciplinary measures, he talks about reconciliation and forgiveness. The pastoral effect is to strike a balance".[2]

Jesus teaches that the attempt to reconcile a brother involves three steps: the Christian Love Rules (18:15), the Common Law Rules (18:16) and the Christian Leaders Rule (18:17–20), which is followed by an exposition of forgiveness (18:21–22) accompanied by a parable about a man whose debt is forgiven but refused to forgive others and therefore is punished (18:23–35).[20]

Verses 15-17 are of particular significance to Baptists in their support of the principle of autonomy of the local church.[lower-alpha 2]

And if he refuses to hear them, tell it to the church. But if he refuses even to hear the church, let him be to you like a heathen and a tax collector.[21]

If a sinner remains recalcitrant, even after the matter is brought to the whole community, then the person must be regarded as "outside the community" ("excommunication").[2]

Truly I say to you, whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.[22]

Cross reference: Matthew 16:19, John 20:23

Again I say to you that if two of you agree on earth concerning anything that they ask, it will be done for them by My Father in heaven.[23]

This verse opens with "Again, truly ..." in the New International Version, drawing on the inclusion of Greek: ἀμὴν, amēn, in some manuscripts.[24]

Henry Alford links this verse with Mark 10:35, where James and John "nearly repeat these words", but without properly understanding them: "Teacher", they said, "we want you to do for us whatever we ask".[25][26]